Face processing has been widely explored in the studies on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Atypical face processing is one of the serious social cognitive deficits among individuals with ASD. Numerous behavioral studies have found that ASD individuals have profound impairments in face recognition and discrimination. Eye movement and ERP techniques allow researchers to examine ASD individuals' processing patterns and neural bases when they view faces. Overall, the existing studies using eye tracking techniques have consistently found that ASD children and adults showed reduced visual attention to faces (espectially the eye region) than their typically developing (TD) counterparts. However, the current findings were mainly based on the studies using Western ASD individuals. Considering existing evidence on the cultural difference in face processing patterns between Eastern and Western typical participants, it is worthy noticing that the atypical face processin in Chinese ASD children may imply different patterns from Western ASD children. The current study proposes to measure 5- to 10-year-old ASD children and their age-matched typical developing counterparts in both China and US in a face recogniton task using eye tracking and ERP techinieques. In addition, we also investigate whether atypical face scanning patterns in children with ASD could be generalized to faces of other races. Differential processing of own- and other-race faces has been consistently found in the typical population across ages and races. In the present study, we will examine how children with ASD and their TD counterparts process own- and other-race faces with the use of the eye tracking and ERP methodology. How the culture and backgroup of the face affect this process is also tested. Meanwhile, a meta-analysis study is also proposed to explore the causes of the controeversy in the field of face processing in ASD, in terms of stimuli types, charicterics of participants, and types of tasks.
面孔加工特异性是孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)研究的一个重要领域,也是ASD患者社会交流技能缺陷的重要方面。其中,ASD患者对于面孔刺激和面孔特征信息(如眼睛)的回避引起了广泛重视。但是这些结论主要基于西方ASD患者的研究,因为面孔加工模式一定程度上受到文化影响,所以基于西方ASD被试的面孔加工特异性结论不能简单地推论到中国ASD患者。另外,由于面孔加工本族效应的存在,人们加工本族和异族面孔也存在不同的模式和神经机制。本研究以中美5-10岁ASD儿童以及年龄匹配的正常发展儿童为研究对象,用眼动和 ERP方法,考察和比较中国和美国ASD儿童的面孔加工的注意模式和神经机制,以及面孔种族和面孔呈现背景对ASD儿童面孔加工的影响。另外,本研究还将通过元分析方法,考察前人针对ASD面孔加工模式的研究结论存在较大分歧的原因,探讨面孔刺激类型,被试特征以及任务类型对ASD面孔加工模式的影响。
通过对面孔的认知,人们可以快速地获得社会交往所需要的各种信息,如人的身份、年龄、性别、情绪等。孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)患者对面孔的加工模式存在特异性障碍,可能是造成其社会交流技能缺陷的原因之一。例如,眼动研究表明ASD患者更少注视面孔刺激,特别是回避目光注视。但是这些结论主要基于西方ASD患者的数据,而有研究证明文化因素对面孔加工模式有一定影响。另外, 由于面孔加工本族效应的存在, 人们加工本族和异族面孔也存在不同的模式和神经机制。本课题以中国ASD儿童和成人,以及匹配的正常发展儿童和成人为研究对象,用眼动技术考察和比较ASD儿童的面孔加工障碍及注意模式。结果发现: 我们发现ASD儿童和成人面孔加工的特异性主要局限于面孔的眼睛区域,即ASD患者更少注视其他人的眼睛部位以及更少在双眼间进行眼跳扫描。我们还比较了ASD和正常儿童和成人在注视本族和异族面孔时的差异,发现ASD儿童和成人均表现出面孔加工的种族效应,即中国的ASD被试倾向于注视白人面孔的眼睛部位和中国面孔的鼻子和嘴巴部位,这一模式是和正常人中的发现是相似的。同时,我们还采用机器学习的方法,开发出了一套基于面孔眼动注视模式来预测ASD风险系数的方法。研究表明:采用机器学习方法对面孔加工的眼动注视模式进行预测,具有较高的准确率和敏感性。最后,我们还设计了一套基于眼动的训练程序,对ASD儿童的面孔加工模式进行干预,以促进他们的面孔识别,进而提高他们的社交能力。初步的实验结果表明,该方法具有可行性,经过眼动训练的ASD儿童的面孔加工模式更趋近于正常人(特别是眼部注视有所增加),面孔识别的成绩有所提高。在本项目的资助下,课题组已经发表了期刊论文12篇,其中6篇SSCI和3篇SCI收录,包括Autism Research, Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Journal of Vision, Vision Research 等发展心理学和视觉领域的权威期刊,还获得了一个专利。课题组针对ASD面孔加工的一系列研究有助于加深我们对孤独症的特异性面孔加工的异常机制的理解,并将帮助临床工作者针对孤独症的面孔加工缺陷建立一套基于实证证据的训练项目,以及基于客观指标的临床诊断的计算机辅助手段。
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数据更新时间:2023-05-31
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