地铁车站客流立体疏散链路约束机制与疏导策略研究

The inner space configuration of metro station is relatively complex, while usually there are a large number of passengers in it, which in together makes the evacuation process under abnormal situations very dangerous. Passengers would be injured or even killed, causing serious casualties and property losses. Analyzing the evacuation process, it can be found that passengers can only make a successful evacuation from the bottom to the up ground level of the station by following the constraint induced by the these vertical and horizontal pathways. To explore how pathway constraint influences passenger evacuation process, we detail different features of typical pathways according to the scale of viewpoint. These features would further be compared to the inner space configuration to find out their topological connections, which would benefit the automatic construction of pathway network. We then design and perform different controllable experiments by controlling pathway features, collect information of available metro station evacuation in the past few years, and finally formulate database of passenger movement features. With these data, digital image process and RFID tracking method could be applied to extract passenger trajectory. These trajectories would be used to investigate passenger flow characteristics related parameters by adopting statistical mechanics analysis. The influence of pathway constraint on passenger movement characteristics, and on passenger route choice behavior as well would be investigated. Summarizing the pathway constraint rules, passenger movement model and passenger route choice model could be formulized. Further combining the movement model and the route choice model with the pathway network, we can build a three-dimensional evacuation model for metro station. To verify and validate the proposed model, the controlled experiments and observations would be used to test the basic assumptions and parameters. After that, system dynamics of the proposed model would be explored, case study of passenger evacuation would be performed. Phenomena such as congestion formation during passenger evacuation would be discussed to discover the effect of pathway constraint on the systemic dynamics of evacuation process. The results could be used to formulate efficient and safe egress design solutions. The present study would deepen our understanding of how inner metro space configuration influences the evacuation process, and could provide scientific bases to work out passenger flow guiding and controlling strategies during metro emergency evacuation.

地铁车站空间构成复杂，客流密集，一旦发生突发事件易造成群死群伤的严重后果。分析发现，地铁站客流疏散是受一系列水平和垂直方向疏散链路约束的自底向上的独特疏散过程。针对疏散链路约束机制问题，分析不同尺度的链路特征与车站空间结构的拓扑关系，研究疏散链路拓扑网络的构建方法；控制链路属性，开展疏散实验与实测，辅以事故资料收集获取基础数据，采用图像处理及RFID跟踪技术提取人员流动参数，结合统计力学方法，分析链路属性对人员运动行为、路径选择行为的定量影响，揭示客流疏散的链路约束机制；抽象链路约束规则，构建基于实证的客流疏散模型；分析实验结果校验模型参数，结合事故案例验证模型，开展系统动力学分析，研究约束参数的影响规律，探索疏散中拥堵形成与传播的规律，指导客流疏导设计，探讨兼顾效率与安全性的多模式协同客流疏导策略。研究成果有助于深入理解空间结构对疏散过程的动力学影响，可为客流管控提供科学依据和技术支撑。

地铁车站空间构成复杂，客流密集，一旦发生突发事件易造成群死群伤的严重后果。分析发现，地铁车站疏散与普通的建筑疏散都受到出口等一系列水平瓶颈的约束，但在垂向疏散上有显著区别：地铁客流疏散的方向是自底向上的。因此，研究地铁车站客流疏散过程中一系列水平和垂向疏散设施对疏散过程的动力学影响具有重要意义。. 项目组针对地铁车站开展了长期的实地观测，收集了地铁客流的实际数据，分析了地铁内部客流流动特征与地铁内部设施、布局结构的内在关联，开发了基于面域分析的地铁疏散链路构建方法。在此基础上，总结地铁车站内部客流主要约束特征，有针对性的设计了可控的人员疏散实验，提取人员运动轨迹，分析了步梯、扶梯以及出口位置等典型瓶颈对人员流动特征的动力学影响规律，研究了人员选择使用步梯和扶梯疏散的决策过程，并建立了相关的模型。在总结地铁疏散链路约束的基础上，构建了地铁疏散模型，考虑了疏散链路约束与人员路径选择行为的影响，并将模型与可控实验进行了对比，验证了模型。在此基础上，进一步开展了细致的模拟与分析，研究了地铁内部客流拥堵的形成与传播过程。充分分析了地铁火灾安全影响因素，讨论了不同烟控策略下火灾烟气蔓延特点，探讨了采用升降机、扶梯辅助地铁人员疏散的效率与安全性。. 项目执行期间，项目组与本领域内国内外知名研究团队开展了广泛的交流与合作，主办领域内著名国际会议1次，组织并参加了一系列的学术活动，在国际国内核心学术期刊和著名国际会议总计发表学术论文38篇，其中SCI检索16篇，EI检索4篇（不重复计算），申请地铁安全方面的发明专利2项、实用新型专利3项，其中1项发明专利、3项实用新型专利已获授权。培养2名在读博士研究生，9名在读硕士研究生，6名硕士研究生获硕士学位，建立并形成了稳定的研究团队，围绕行人流和人员疏散动力学开展深入的科学研究。