基于激励相容与差别定价的多级物流服务商收益优化问题研究

Similar to physical commodities, the sales of logistics services usually involve more than one level of logistics service providers (LSP), who make their profits from service charges or price difference in accordance with relevant contracts between each other. An individual LSP usually makes his decision independently to maximize his own revenue. Taking into account the fact that an LSP’s pricing decision has direct/indirect effect on his pre- and/or onward-counterparts’ decision and revenue, he can never really optimize his revenue if he makes his pricing decision without considering the response of his pre- and/or onward-counterparts. Simultaneously, goods, as the most important objects in logistics services, there exist many factors that call for sufficient consideration and corresponding differential pricing (DP). Extensive and rough freight-of-all-kind (FAK) policy is of no benefit to LSP’s revenue optimization. This project, following the idea of incentive compatibility, carries out comprehensive and deep probe into the multi-level logistics service (MLLS) system, settles and summarizes the main characteristics of MLLS, abstracts the key factors affecting MLLS pricing, chooses and improves certain suitable DP technique, designs a set of competent DP methods covering multi factors concerned, and finally, based on the analysis of gaming and equilibrium of MLLS competition, works out the path how LSPs of typical levels can optimize their revenue through DP.

与实体商品的销售类似，物流服务的销售也会涉及多个层级的服务商。各级服务商依据相互间所签订的合同，通过赚取服务费或差价赢利。单个的服务商独立决策，目标通常是其自身收益的最大化。考虑到各级服务商的定价行为均会直接或间接影响其上下游的决策与收益，因而某级服务商在进行价格决策时，若无视上下游反应，则不可能真正实现其收益最优化的目标。同时，作为物流服务中最为重要的客体，货物在客观上也存在着很多影响服务价格制定的差异化因素，在定价时应予充分考虑，粗放的均一定价无益于物流企业的收益优化。本项目遵循激励相容的思想，全面深入地探讨多级物流服务体系，理清并归纳多级物流服务的主要特点，提炼多级物流服务的差异化要素，对典型差异因素展开有针对性的研究，选择并改进所适用的差别定价技术，设计涵盖多重影响因素的差别定价方法，并基于对多级物流服务链的博弈与均衡分析，给出典型层级物流服务商通过差别定价实现收益优化的具体路径。

多级物流服务体系中，各级服务商依据相互间所签订的合同，通过赚取服务费或差价赢利，各级服务商的定价行为均会直接或间接影响其上下游的决策与收益。单个服务商独立决策，目标通常是其自身收益的最大化，因而某级服务商在进行价格决策时，若无视上下游反应，则不可能真正实现其收益最优化的目标。同时，作为物流服务中最为重要的客体，货物在客观上也存在着很多影响服务价格制定的差异化因素，在定价时应予充分考虑。课题以国际集装箱物流行业为例，遵循激励相容的思想，全面深入地探讨了多级物流服务的主要特点以及单个服务商的定价决策对其上下游的影响作用，并从作业要求、货物数量、定价时机等角度对多级物流服务的差别定价方法进行了各具针对性的研究，还探索了典型层级物流服务商通过差别定价实现收益优化的具体路径。通过对激励相容原理的进一步探讨，课题厘清了多级物流服务体系中纵向与横向成员独立决策的影响作用与机理；通过对三维背包问题的系统研究，课题在多级物流服务体系下考虑货物集拼因素的差别定价建模方面取得了进展；通过对时基动态定价相关理论的深入研究，课题对短周期和长周期下考虑时间因素的差别定价问题开展了较为全面的分析。为对激励相容原理进行更为全面系统的研究，课题对合作机制中的利益分配问题也开展了有所侧重的探讨。结合近年的行业发展趋势，课题还对海铁联运条件下多级物流服务问题进行了研究。课题研究为有效提升多级物流服务体系中各级服务商个体与服务体系整体的收益优化水平提供了可供借鉴的理论依据与实践指导。