新疆濒危药用短命植物阿魏的生态适应机制与繁育策略研究

Abstract: Seven kinds of ephemeral plants - ferula in our country are only distributed in Xinjiang. Among them, fukang ferulic, xinjiang ferulic, umbrella ferulic and big fruit ferulic have been the concern of the researches at home and abroad for their important medicinal values. We have confirmed that fukang ferulic has been difficult to pick, xinjiang ferulic has come to the point of endangered, and umbrella ferulic resources are reducing seriously, so the protection of the resources is urgently required. This project still regards the four medicinal ferula as the research object. By analyzing the natural selection features of species distribution according to the field investigation and the GIS technology, we want to find the ecological main factors and significant environment variables affecting the distribution of Ferula and confirm the weight coefficient factor in order to provide theoretical basis for selecting Ferula resources production base; Previous work showed that, the species declining of Xinjiang ferulia has a lot to do with the deterioration of the environment in addition to human factors (such as unlimited exploiting, overgrazing, and so on.), so we will explore succession mechanisms of their bioecology characteristics and its cohering point with habitat change combining with analyzing the ecophysiological adapting characteristics and rhizosphere microhabitats; Through callus and cell suspension culture, we will filter out the high-yield cell lines with high growth rate and metabolite content and then improve the efficiency of drug active ingredients. At the same time, we will isolate and screen endophytic fungi in Ferula and identify strains which are able to produce and host on the same or similar chemical pharmaceutical active ingredients, in order to achieve the goal of large-scale tissue culture of Ferula.

摘要：项目组前期研究工作表明阜康阿魏已经很难采到、新疆阿魏也到了濒临灭绝的地步、多伞阿魏资源储量严重萎缩，对新疆阿魏资源的保护刻不容缓！本项目仍以阜康阿魏、新疆阿魏、多伞阿魏和大果阿魏四种药用阿魏作为研究对象，通过野外调查和GIS技术分析物种分布的自然选择特征，找出影响阿魏分布的主导生态因子和显著环境变量，为阿魏资源生产基地的选择和保护方式的确立提供理论依据；结合阿魏的生理生态适应特征和根际土壤微生境分析，探讨阿魏种群生物生态学特性的演替机理及其与生境变化的契合点；通过愈伤组织和细胞悬浮培养，筛选出具有高生长速率和高代谢产物含量的高产细胞系，提高药物活性成分含量，同时对阿魏内生真菌进行分离筛选，对能够产生与宿主相同或相似的化学药物活性成分的菌株进行鉴定，以期最终实现阿魏大规模组织培养的目标。

该项目在历时四年（2014-2017）的时间里，在包括老师和研究生团队成员的共同努力下，初步取得了以下研究成果：根据不同地区阿魏中3项功效物质指标含量大小，对三个地区阿魏的药食功效进行初步评价得出，玛纳斯地区阿魏功效最好，其次为石河子地区，最差为呼图壁地区；多伞阿魏黄酮超声波提取仍是值得推广的一种提取方法；lefse分析结果表明，阿魏种类的药用功效越大，其根际微生物群落越独特，拥有更多的biomarker，即组间差异显著的物种；土壤含水量是限制多伞阿魏生长和分布的最主要的外界因素；多伞阿魏能够在一定范围内通过提高抗氧化酶的活性和渗透调节物的含量，来增强自身的抗逆境能力；多伞阿魏在生长过程中由于生长环境的变化和多伞阿魏自身生理特征的变化使得光合速率逐渐降低，同时也通过逐步降低蒸腾速率增加水分利用率来提高对不良环境的适应能力；一天当中传粉昆虫数量呈现出双峰的趋势，传粉昆虫在访花频率及停留时间上均存在显著差异；多伞阿魏的雄全同株性系统在适应荒漠环境过程中，将有限的繁殖资源进行了优化分配。多伞阿魏早发育的花序通过生产更多的两性花来提高其雌性适合度，而晚发育的花序在雌性适合度饱满的情况下，通过雄花比例的增加，能够增加总的花粉量输出，比生产两性花能更好的提高雄性适合度。