集体林权改革背景下南方农户商品林生产要素配置效率及其提升路径研究

Collective commercial forest has an important role in resources and farmers' income growth in China's rural areas, but its production level is low, especial for traditional commercial forests of southern collective forest area ,its level is only equivalent to about half of the level of state-owned forests. In order to improve the level of collective commercial forest production, the Chinese Government set up a new round of collective forest right system reform, designed to release the vitality of the allocative efficiency of production factors. Based on this, we must know what condition those commercial forests production factor the level of efficiency is after the reform of a new round of collective forest , which is urgent for us in improving the level of China's forestry production. Based on the above judgment, from collective forest tenure reform perspective ,according to forestry production natural dependent properties ,the project set C-D stochastic frontier production function model ,including rainfall, accumulated temperature in order to measure accurately the allocative efficiency of production factors of southern area's commercial forestry as well as the contribution of production factors to output；Applying the model of DEA,break down those efficiency in order to giving the scientific suggestion about optimization combination of production factors to different forest management organizations. Moreover, the project will estimate the impact of various factors on the production allocative efficiency by the use of exogenous factors model and the Tobit regression model and will analyses the better road of improving those efficiency in order to pointing out the focus of relevant government improving the reform policies of the new round of collective forest rights, at the same time establish a new framework for forestry production efficiency evaluation studies.

商品林在我国南方农村地区资源增长、林农增收等方面占有重要地位，但其生产力水平仅相当于国有林水平的一半左右。为了提高商品林生产力水平，中国政府进行了新一轮集体林权制度改革，旨在释放其生产要素配置效率的活力。因此，诊断、探究新一轮集体林权改革背景下南方林农营林生产要素配置效率的高低、限制因素和提升路径，已成为提高我国林业生产水平的迫切需要。基于此，本项目从集体林权改革背景视角，依据林业生产自然属性，将降雨量、积温纳入C-D随机前沿生产函数，更为准确度量南方林农营林生产要素配置效率、各生产要素配置效率、规模效率以及各要素产出贡献；运用DEA模型分解生产要素配置效率和各生产要素配置效率，揭示林农营林生产要素配置低效率的根源；运用外生因素描述模型、Tobit回归模型探求影响林农营林生产要素配置效率因素；运用DEA的C2R模型、成本收益分析法等内容提出提升农户营林生产要素配置效率路径；最后提出政策建议

本课题立足于集体商品林分权改革有助于农户生产要素配置效率的理论假设，运用田野调查数据测算了南方集体林区家庭林地经营效率，分析其影响因素，发现林权改革后家庭经营的林地规模与全要素生产率之间可能存在倒 Ｕ 型关系，而非简单正向或负向关系；林业投资、农户兼业程度、户主年龄对生产效率影响显著，其余变量不显著；家庭林地经营规模偏小，流动性不足；林地经营效率分化明显等问题；林农对林地经营仍倾向粗放经营，偏好周期较短的经济林，经济林投入的劳动力、资金都高于木材、木材为主兼有竹材的经营类型，但其综合技术效率却低于木材、木材为主兼有竹材的经营类型; 林农商品生产规模效率很低，导致综合技术效率很低，林权证的获得、采伐指标申请难度降低以及林业税负的减轻等林权改革及配套服务措施的完善能显著提高商品林生产效率，有劳动能力的户主年龄越大、户主受教育水平越高以及降雨量越多对生产效率有提升作用，非农收入在总收入中所占比例越高、林地坡度越大、林地块数越多和林地距公路距离越远对生产效率有抑制作用；年均降雨量和年均气温对 3 种投入松弛变量的系数均为负，且均通过显著性检验，也就是说年均降雨量和年均气温增加时，3 种投入的松弛量将会减少；相关部门应结合当地自然条件引导农户木材经营由粗放转向适度集约经营，继续完善林权改革及其配套服务措施，顺应农户在林地流转不普遍的现实背景下实现林业生产过程的规模化经营，并提供有针对性的林业经营服务以及林区道路基础设施建设；农户平均技术效率呈先上升、后下降再上升的态势，其中Ⅳ类(木材为主兼有竹材/竹笋)农户和Ⅰ类(仅有木材)农户的技术效率较高，林地地块面积对生产效率产生了负向影响，林产品价格指数、路面硬化、发证面积在林地总面积所占比例都产生了显著正向影响，意味着 2003 年以来林权改革在一定程度上增强了农户营林的积极性，农户经营木材等生产周期较长的商品林偏好有所增强，提出在继续完善其配套改革相关服务的同时，应推动林地流转或林地生产经营过程规模化服务政策建议；中国集体商品林的分权主体改革在世界范围内起着引领作用，对农户商品林生产要素配置有着较为显著的促进作用，但在实践中存在采伐指标申请难、政策执行的不一致、在确权过程中的存在的冲突以及在执行过程中缺乏区域灵活性与针对性等问题都给农户生产要素的配置效率的提升提出了挑战，这些挑战都需要相关部门得到及时与有效的解决。