多层建筑内火灾应急疏散的时空过程建模与模拟——以学校为例

The modeling of emergency evacuation in multi-floor buildings caused by fire is to be studied in this proposal. The contents of the research are mainly composed of 4 parts, which are the man-land relationship, the land-land relationship, the man-man relationship, and the man-disaster relationship. The man-land relationship focused on the space-time modeling during emergency evacuations and a projection field model was proposed; the land-land relationship focused on the modeling of the evacuation environment(multi-floor buildings), and a semantic topology model was proposed; the man-man relationship focused on the modeling of the crowd and a multi-scale group force model with considerations of social relationships was proposed; the man-disaster relationship focused on the modeling of the fire disaster and a force model of fire/smoke on the crowd was proposed. A few of algorithms including a 3-dimensional path finding algorithm in multi-floor buildings, a tracing model, and a trampling model were then proposed, based on which an emergency evacuation model integrating the above 4 relationships was proposed for evacuation simulations in multi-floor buildings caused by fire disaster..The proposal studies from the perspective of geography and the evacuation modeling in microscopic environment can be promoted by introducing the space-time features. On the application level, the study can assist the development of the evacuation plans; while on the discipline level, the study can help promote the researches of geography on microscopic crowd behaviors, especially on emergency behaviors.

本申请研究多层建筑环境下面向火灾的应急疏散模拟模型，研究从“人地关系”、“地地关系”、“人人关系”和“人灾关系”等角度展开。“人地关系”侧重于应急疏散行为的时空关系建模，提出了时空投影场模型；“地地关系”侧重于疏散环境建模，提出了多层建筑的语义拓扑模型；“人人关系”侧重于疏散人群的建模，提出了考虑社会关系的多尺度群组作用力模型；“人灾关系”侧重于火灾过程建模，提出了考虑扩散的烟/火作用力模型。在此基础上，提出了包括三维疏散路径搜索算法、跟随算法和群体踩踏算法在内的多个关键算法，并最终提出了集成“人地关系”、“地地关系”、“人人关系”和“人灾关系”的应急疏散模型。.本研究是从地理学视角对火灾应急疏散的审视，是在充分考虑应急疏散过程中的时空地理特性、对微观环境下疏散行为建模的发展。本研究在应用层次可辅助火灾应急疏散预案制定，在学科层次，则可推动地理学对微观人群行为、尤其是应急行为动力学的研究。

本项目以学校为例，研究了多层建筑环境下面向火灾的应急疏散模拟模型，主要研究分为应急疏散行为数学建模、现实疏散实验及数据分析、模拟系统构建及情景模拟、以及扩展应用等几个部分。.（1）应急疏散过程数学建模。研究从“人地关系”、“地地关系”、“人人关系”和“人灾关系”等角度展开。“人地关系”侧重于应急疏散行为的时空关系建模，提出了时空投影场模型；“地地关系”侧重于疏散环境建模，提出了多层建筑的语义拓扑模型；“人人关系”侧重于人群行为建模，构建了考虑社会关系的多尺度群组作用力模型、跟随模型；“人灾关系”侧重于火灾过程建模，构建了烟/火作用力模型。在上述模型的基础上，提出了包括烟/火作用下的三维疏散路径搜索算法、动态道格拉斯跟随路径算法和群体踩踏算法在内的多个关键算法，并最终构建了集成“人地关系”、“地地关系”、“人人关系”和“人灾关系”的应急疏散数学模型。.（2）现实疏散实验及数据采集。在项目选择的实验区-浙江平湖实验小学，开展了应急疏散演习，以视频的形式采集了应急疏散的过程，分析了应急疏散过程中的自组织现象、疏散时间及累积疏散人数等关键数据；.（3）模拟系统构建及情景模拟。在上述模型和算法的基础上，研发了二三维一体化的多层建筑内火灾应急疏散模拟平台，在此基础上，设置多种情景，对学校内多层建筑中应急疏散过程进行了模拟，从定性和定量的层次验证了疏散模型的正确性；分析了场元大小、承载人数、可视域等因素时空投影场模型计算效率的影响；分析了起火位置、班级布局、延时疏散策略等对多层教学楼内应急疏散效率的影响。.（4）扩展应用。在疏散模型和模拟系统的基础上，结合最新的虚拟现实技术，研发了沉浸式虚拟现实（VR）平台和增强现实平台（AR）的多层建筑内人群疏散的沉浸式体验训练和增强展示系统。.本研究是从地理学视角对火灾应急疏散的审视，是在充分考虑应急疏散过程中的时空地理特性、对微观环境下疏散行为建模的发展。