人为干扰下白冠长尾雉种群特征变化及空间利用响应研究

An important area of conservation research lies in understanding the influence of human disturbance on animal behaviors and predicting the resulting population-level responses in order to inform management practices. Many authors have investigated various responses of animals to human disturbance. However, most studies have focused on single locations, and most measured changes in behavior as a direct response to human disturbance without further investigating possible consequences for population, and most findings to date are often inconclusive or in disagreement. One such species is Reeves’s Pheasant Syrmaticus reevesii an endangered species endemic to central China. As a species with higher site fidelity, it has been subjected to human disturbance more seriously. Some studies have been carried out in the last two decades, including general habitat status, habitat use, home range, incubation behavior, nest predation and molecular phylogeny. However, little quantitative information is available which is about the population demographics and space use responses of Reeves’s Pheasant to human disturbance. Therefore, we sought to conduct researches and provide information on the population demographics and plasticity of space use of the globally threatened Reeves’s Pheasant in relation to human disturbance in Dabie Mountain, and we also selected several sites with different human disturbance intensity for studies at fine scale. Based on camera trapping and GIS, we would model the impact of human disturbance on the population distribution of this pheasant in Dabie mountain, and assess the variations of population demographics and space use in relation to different human disturbance intensity, and then probe into the interplay between the space use and population demographics of this pheasant. In particular, we would investigate the spatio-temporal overlap between the pheasant and human activities in these sites. Our research should be beneficial to improve the theoretical research on wildlife-human interactions. Moreover, our results should be helpful to understand the population demographics and responses of space use of Reeves’s Pheasant to human disturbance, and then it should be fundamental to strengthen the conservation the population and habitat of Reeves’s Pheasant in the field.

研究人为干扰对动物行为的影响并从种群水平预测物种的响应，进而为管理实践提供支撑，已成为保护生物学研究的一个重要方面。然而野生动物对人为干扰的响应十分复杂，而已有研究多是在单一地点进行，且常关注行为响应而忽视种群水平的影响，相关结论也常不一致。因此，应在多个地点对更多物种从行为及种群层面开展研究。白冠长尾雉是我国珍稀濒危特有物种，也是栖息地忠诚度（Site fidelity）较高的物种，更易受人为干扰的影响。本项目以白冠长尾雉为研究对象，在其东部分布区及人为干扰差异显著的若干区域，借助红外相机技术，评估人为干扰对其种群分布的影响，比较不同人为干扰间的种群特征、空间利用及其相互影响，分析其对人类活动的时空响应。本项目将进一步完善野生动物对人为干扰响应的基础研究，相关研究成果也有助于揭示人为干扰下白冠长尾雉种群特征及其在空间行为上的响应对策，还可为进一步完善其保护管理技术与政策体系提供重要依据。

人为干扰对野生动物的影响是生物多样性科学研究的热点之一。以我国特有受胁物种白冠长尾雉为对象，利用样线法，结合遥感影像解译和近20年的监测，从全国和大别山区分别评估了该物种分布现状及其对人类干扰的响应；以人为干扰差异显著且长期监测的保护地为重点，利用红外相机照相和卫星追踪技术，揭示了不同人为干扰强度下其种群结构、日活动节律的年龄和性别差异，分析了白冠长尾雉活动模式、运动特征、空间利用行为及其对人为干扰的时空响应，评估了疫情防控下人为干扰变化及其对白冠长尾雉及其同域物种的影响。重要结果如下：. 1）白冠长尾雉在我国分布区主要分为东、西两部分，现有国家级自然保护区仅覆盖了其分布区的17.0 %，至少存在4个空缺，急需建设生态廊道。国家级自然保护区内其适宜栖息地下降，且在核心区和实验区中下降极显著。2）大别山区近20年土地利用变化剧烈，人类设施急剧增加，白冠长尾雉适宜栖息地呈下降趋势，2018~2019年的分布区比2001~2002年的更为狭窄而细长、且平均中心向东南移动。3）白冠长尾雉日活动节律存在年龄和性别差异，日活动高峰和人为干扰的高峰也存在不同，均具明显的错峰现象。4）牲畜放牧对白冠长尾雉时空分布和行为的影响最大，其在时间上避开牲畜活动，且其警戒行为会因牲畜存在而显著提高。5）繁殖雌性、未繁殖雌性和雄性成年个体繁殖期的运动强度存在显著差异，繁殖雌性的运动强度显著大于未繁殖雌性；人类改造景观可以通过影响雄性个体的身体状况和雌性的繁殖行为间接影响其运动强度。6）疫情封控期间，牲畜相对丰富度指数同比增长51.3 %，白冠长尾雉、貉和猪獾种群均出现不同程度的下降，貉和猪獾白天活动时间比例降低。. 以上结果从全国-大别山-保护地或长期监测点三个尺度上系统阐述了人为干扰对白冠长尾雉种群、分布、栖息地、行为及活动节律的影响，这对客观评估其对人为干扰的响应对策具有重要的科学价值，也可为进一步提高其保护管理技术与政策体系提供重要的科学依据。相关成果也已应用于白冠长尾雉种群与栖息地保护与修复工作中。