封闭式岩棉培番茄营养液精准调控机理与模型构建

Closed long-season cultivation is an effective way for saving resources, effectively using water-fertilizer and environmentally friendly producing. There is great gap between our facility horticulture and developed agricultural countries, such as varieties, cultivation methods, environment controlling level, CO2 fertilization, and nutrient solution management level, which lower the yield directly. Our study aims at improving the management of nutrient solution, we plan to choose the foreign varieties for greenhouse specially, precisely control the inner environment of greenhouse, and supply the CO2. By the type of closed-rock wool cultivation, we focus on the following three research questions: to calculate the nutrient solution requirement of tomatoes by estimating the tomato crop coefficient; to investigate the influence of the progressive increase regulation methods of the nutrient solution concentration on the water and fertilizer use efficiency and the yield of tomatoes, and determine a best way of the concentrate control; study the impacts of the solution temperature on rook wool substrates temperature and EC, and the growth, the water and fertilizer use efficiency, the yield of tomatoes, and reveal the nutrient solution accurate regulation mechanism of tomatoes. Our results can serve as an important information for establishing the nutrient solution control model of closed long-season cultivation tomatoes, which can fit the existing equipment well. And provide a fundamental database for high tomato yield, and a method for water and fertilizer control on other vegetables.

封闭式长季节栽培是实现资源节约、水肥高效利用、环境友好生产的有效方式。我国与设施园艺发达国家在品种、栽培方式、环境调控水平、CO2施肥利用、营养液管理水平等方面存在一定差距，直接影响果菜产量。本项目旨在提高营养液的管理水平，拟在选择国外专用番茄品种，精确调控温室环境，补充供给CO2的基础上，利用封闭式岩棉栽培方式，重点研究不同种类番茄的作物系数估算，通过计算的作物系数进而确定番茄的营养液用量；探讨营养液浓度递增式调控对番茄水肥利用效率及产量的作用机理，完善浓度调控方案；研究供液温度对基质温度及番茄生长发育、水肥利用效率以及产量的影响，从新的角度揭示番茄水肥精准调控的机理；基于以上研究，建立与现有装备配套的封闭式长季节栽培番茄营养液精准调控模型，将调控细节进行完善，确定最佳调控方案，为番茄高产稳产奠定基础，并为其他作物的水肥调控提供思路和方法支持。

封闭式长季节栽培是实现资源节约、水肥高效利用、环境友好生产的有效方式。我国与设施园艺发达国家在栽培方式、环境调控水平、营养液管理水平等方面存在一定差距，直接影响果菜产量。本项目着眼于营养液精准调控，旨在提高营养液的管理水平，落脚在营养液浓度调控，灌溉量模拟和营养液基质温度调控三点内容。开展基于主茎叶片数的渐进式营养液浓度的调整研究，逐日作物系数估算及营养液基质温度调控研究，探索新调控方式对番茄水肥吸收、利用效率以及产量的作用；研究番茄作物系数的估算方法，提高水肥一体化控制下营养液供液量的计算精确度，明确基质温度变化及有效调控方法，探讨基质温度调控与营养液浓度互作调控效果。利用数学方法，建立营养液精准灌溉调控模型，获得可应用的番茄长季节封闭式栽培水肥精准调控方案。结果表明，渐进式浓度调控节水节肥效果显著，以每生长一片叶，EC提高0.1mS/cm为最优方式，据此结合叶序模拟模型，建立基于主茎叶片数的浓度调控模型；番茄耗水量与温度、辐射、相对湿度关系密切，建立番茄全生育期耗水模型，苗期日耗水量120mL/株，到结果期可达到1.4L/d，番茄日耗水呈“几”字型变化，晴天峰值出现在16时，阴天则出现在14时左右，通过植株实际蒸散量和参考蒸散量，计算番茄的逐日作物系数，苗期约0.9，进入缓慢增长，坐果后迅速增加，平均为1.21，通过逐步回归分析，以环境参数为变量建立了作物系数分段模拟模型；高架基质栽培基质温度接近于气温，冬春季节基质加温对稳定根际环境效果显著，基质加热带加温效果最佳，基质加温可促进番茄的生长发育和水分养分吸收，提高光合速率、产量及水肥利用效率，早春苗期加温20℃同时降低供液浓度效果最佳。基于上述研究结果，建立了与现有装备配套的封闭式长季节栽培番茄营养液精细化调控模型与控制系统，完善调控细节，该成果已应用于实际生产，为番茄等果菜高效生产提供方法和决策支持。