基于三种次级洞巢鸟巢址选择的行为适应假设检验

The selection of nesting sites for secondary cavity-nesting birds is influenced by factors such as the quality of food resources, the risk of predation, the competition of interspecies resources and the microenvironment of nesting sites. However, most research on nesting site selection and behavior adaptation is limited to single species of birds. In this research, four hypotheses were proposed about nest site selection and behavioral adaptation according to the relationship among species and species of three secondary cavity-nesting birds, wood nuthatch, big tits and yellow-rumped flycatcher. Using the old nest material to simulate the "prey" , to analyze the influence of predation risk on the selection of nesting sites; to determine whether their defensive behavior is adjusted according to the selection of the cavity entrance size by putting the nest predator specimens in different body types; to analyze the correlation between nesting site selection and parental care through the combination of the selection of cave entrance direction and nest material; breeding period and cave select the direction of the hole and the nest material; to analyze the influence of niche differentiation on the selection of the nesting site by the combination of the breeding period and the selection of the sloped angle of the cave entrance. This project can provide the basic information for behavioral adaptation study of bird nesting site selection, which will be helpful for further exploration of the mechanism of the secondary cavity-nesting birds nesting site selection, and the enrichment of animal ecology related theories.

次级洞巢鸟的巢址选择受食物资源质量、捕食风险、种间资源竞争、巢址微环境等因素的影响，而有关巢址选择及行为适应的研究多局限于单种鸟。本项目针对普通、大山雀及白眉姬鹟这三种次级洞巢鸟的种内及种间关系，提出四个有关巢址选择及行为适应的假设：利用旧巢材模拟“被捕食”痕迹，分析捕食风险对其巢址选择的影响；摆放不同体型的巢捕食者标本，明确其防御行为是否根据选择的洞口大小进行调整；将洞口方向选择与巢材相关联，分析巢址选择与双亲投入的相关性；将繁殖时间与洞口倾角选择相结合，分析繁殖时间生态位分化对巢址选择的影响。本项目可为鸟类巢址选择的行为适应研究提供基础资料，有助于深入探讨次级洞巢鸟巢址选择机制，丰富动物生态学相关理论。

繁殖是鸟类生活史中一个最为重要的环节，巢址质量可直接影响其繁殖成功率。对于洞巢鸟而言，鸟巢不仅可为胚胎发育和后代生长提供合适的微环境气候，还可起到防止巢捕食的作用。本项目基于前期假设，主要以左家自然保护区内的次级洞巢鸟为研究对象，通过悬挂不同洞口特征的巢箱、结合巢材数据及行为学实验，检验大山雀、白眉姬鹟等鸟类的巢址选择及行为适应。主要研究结果如下：（1）巢箱温度与环境温度显著相关，但大山雀孵化期巢箱内温度变化率显著低于环境温度变化，而育雏期两者温度变化率无显著差异，表明巢箱在繁殖前期具有缓解外界极端天气的作用；（2）大山雀对小洞口巢箱表现出选择偏好，而白眉姬鹟则偏爱大洞口巢箱，推测其原因可能与防御捕食者及环境温度相关；（3）旧巢材可以影响次级洞巢鸟的占巢情况，新入住鸟类倾向于选择具有繁殖成功痕迹的巢箱，表明旧巢材可提供繁殖状况信息；（4）小洞口繁殖的大山雀巢材重量显著高于大洞口繁殖的巢材，且巢材内衬绒毛受巢口朝向及繁殖时间的影响，推测大山雀在筑巢期的巢材投入可能受环境温度的影响；（5）普通䴓和大山雀面对小体型巢捕食者--花鼠时的防御行为显著强于面对大体型巢捕食者--松鼠，表明次级洞巢鸟可能根据洞口大小评估捕食风险而采取恰当的巢防御行为；（6）巢箱内温度显著影响亲鸟的繁殖行为，温度越高其单次孵化时长和暖雏时长越少，表明亲鸟可根据巢箱内的微环境变化适时调整繁殖投入行为。巢箱作为一种有效的研究工具和保护手段，在鸟类生态学研究领域发挥了重要而积极的作用，本研究为次级洞巢鸟的巢址选择研究提供了环境变量和行为适应的相关证据，为后续开展次级洞巢鸟的保护学研究提供重要的借鉴和参考。