严寒地区被动房热环境与人体热舒适研究

The system of radiant floor and ceiling combined with displacement ventilation for heating and cooling has been used in passive houses in the severe cold area of China. If the PMV and Adaptive models can be used in the evaluation in passive houses heated or cooled by the combined system has to be discussed. How to improve indoor thermal environment and exclude the pollutants effectively has to be studied. The methods including theoretical research, field study, laboratory test and numerical simulation are used in the study. The main contents are as follows: 1) An original database of climatic characteristics, indoor environment characteristics and human thermal psychological responses in this area is accessed. 2) An evaluation model for indoor thermal climate in passive houses based on human thermal adaptation in the area is built up. The reasonable temperature ranges for heating in winter and cooling in summer are brought out. 3) Influences of ventilation parameters and modes on human thermal comfort and the removal extent of pollutants are investigated. Appropriate ventilation parameters and modes are raised. 4) Radiation angle factors and heat transfer flux of radiant floor and ceiling are analyzed. The correlation between supply or return water temperatures and radiation surface temperatures is analyzed, so does the correlation of suitable indoor temperatures with radiation surface temperatures. 5) The optimal heat load ratio of double-sided radiation surface to displacement ventilation is explored. 6) Operating adjustments and control strategies for the combined system of passive houses in this area are put forward. The results of this project may give a theory support to improve the evaluation standard on thermal environment in passive houses in this area.

严寒地区被动房采用地板/顶板双面辐射和置换通风供暖供冷复合系统，PMV模型和热适应性模型可否用于复合系统的室内热环境评价值得商榷。如何通过气流组织优化，改善室内热环境并有效排除室内污染物尚需要深入研究。本课题拟采用理论研究、现场研究、实验研究和数值模拟相结合的方法，获取严寒地区的气候变化特征、被动房的室内环境特征、以及人体热响应特征等基础数据；建立基于人体热适应的被动房室内热环境评价模型，提出适宜的冬季和夏季室温范围；研究送风参数和送风方式对室内热环境以及污染物排除效果的影响，提出适宜的送风参数和送风方式；研究双面辐射各表面间辐射角系数及传热量，复合系统供回水温度与辐射表面温度的相关性，舒适的室温与辐射表面温度的相关性；研究双面辐射与置换通风承担的负荷最佳值；提出适于严寒地区被动房的复合系统的运行调节控制策略。其研究成果可为完善严寒地区被动房室内热环境评价标准提供理论依据。

严寒地区冬季供暖能耗大。因此，研究采用德国技术的被动房在我国严寒地区的应用效果具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。.严寒地区首个被动房采用顶棚辐射和置换通风供暖供冷的复合系统营造室内空气环境。需要对该建筑投入运行后的室内环境质量进行后评估，探讨PMV模型可否用于复合系统营造的室内热环境评价，研究前期调查中发现的问题的解决方案。.本课题对严寒地区代表性城市哈尔滨市某被动房的室内热环境与居民热舒适开展了横向调查和纵向调查，获取了不同季节被动房的室内热环境特征、居民热反应特征等基础数据。建立了基于加权回归分析的冬季和夏季人体热感觉评价模型，提出了适宜的冬季供暖和夏季供冷室温。研究了人的行为对热环境与热舒适的影响，建立了居民开窗概率模型。基于数据挖掘技术，分析了被动房能耗。基于对被动房室内PM2.5和CO2等污染物的测试分析，建立了被动房室内颗粒物的集总参数模型，得到了PM2.5的沉降率、穿透系数和源强度等模型参数，以及换气次数。研究了不同送风参数和室内污染源工况下，室内空气温度场和速度场、污染物浓度场以及空气龄等。分析了不同净化策略对室内颗粒物去除效果的影响。建立了被动房的楼板辐射传热模型，分析了辐射系统的传热量、供回水温度、辐射表面温度以及室温的相关性。基于热舒适和空气品质分析，提出了辐射与置换通风复合系统的最佳运行参数和运行调节策略。其研究成果可为完善严寒地区被动房室内热环境评价标准提供理论依据。.主要结论如下：.1.冬季室温过高，平均室温为25.5℃；平均相对湿度为31.3%，接近标准的下限值；夏季平均室温为26.2℃，满足热舒适要求。.2.50%的居民冬季感觉过热，80%的居民夏季感觉热中性。.3.当夏季室温超过26.1℃时，开窗行为很可能发生。.4.PMV模型可用于评价被动房夏季热环境，不适于评价冬季热环境。.5.如果将冬季平均室温25.5℃降低到20℃，可减少供暖能耗11%。.6.PM2.5平均浓度为0.092mg/m3，高于标准限值0.075mg/m3。建议定期更换过滤器或增设亚高效过滤器。.7.楼板辐射传热量中，辐射项占比为90%以上。