中国蘑菇属(Agaricus)真菌系统学研究

Be lacking of the new edible mushroom stains, which are with Chinese proprietary intellectual property rights, is becoming a bottleneck in increasing the edible mushroom industrial efficiency and propelling edible mushroom industry sustainable development in China. The genus Agaricus includes many edible species, and which is one of most valuable groups in macrofungi on edible and medical exploitations. Based on Agaricus biodiversity researches mainly from Thailand and Southwestern China since 10 years ago by applicant, this project is proposed and it is going to reconstruct the phylogenetic topology of Agaricus based on multigene sequences using samples not only from China but also Europe, North America and tropical Asia. The research result will clarify the properly taxonomic positions of those 7 new lineages, which were revealed in previous research using ITS sequences, and establish a better taxonomic system within this genus under the well supporting by molecular phylogenetic data. A phylogeographical research will be conducted too using the worldwide sampling in order to better understand the origin, distribution, spreading map of this kind of mushrooms. On the other hand, the overall and reliable phylogenetic tree could reveal the certain species is edible or not in Agaircus, which will provide the useful information on wild Agaricus species utilization; reveal the useful diagnosis characters in morphology and tiny fragments of DNA. Those results along with the collecting of wild living stains of Agaricus would provide a fundamental basis and stores reserve for developing the new edible mushroom stains with Chinese proprietary intellectual property rights.

缺乏自主知识产权的食用菌菌株是提高我国食用菌产业效益、推动行业可持续发展的一个瓶颈。蘑菇属（Agaricus）包含大量可食用种，是最具有食药用开发价值的类群之一。 本研究在申请人近十年来对泰国、我国西南为主的蘑菇属多样性研究基础上，面向全国、涵盖欧美亚洲等区域，首次构建多基因序列为基础的世界性蘑菇属系统发育图谱。该研究结果将澄清单基因系统发育研究所发现的7个属内新支序的分类地位，重建更趋于进化本质的蘑菇属分类体系；对连贯性区域的样本开展系统地理学研究，了解该属起源、分布、传播扩散路径。 全面可靠的蘑菇属系统发育图谱可以指示出各个物种的食用性，为相关食用菌开发指明方向；分析出各个物种的稳定形态学特征和特征DNA小片段，使蘑菇属物种的鉴定简洁准确易操作，利于目标种质资源收集；而结合项目收集到的菌株，最终为开发自主知识产权的食用菌菌株提供理论基础和材料准备。

蘑菇属是世界性分布，并包含大量可食用种类，具有重要的食药用开发价值。在本项目的支持下：1）在全国范围内系统开展大型真菌科考, 在东北、华北、华中、华东、西南地区、华南地区、内蒙古地区、新疆和青藏高原地区共采集大型真菌标本9669份，其中蘑菇属标本近千份；分离蘑菇属野生菌株100余株。2）针对蘑菇属内11个新发现的单系进化支序的分类命名，多系类群恰当分类处理等问题，利用我国及世界范围内代表性物种的多基因序列分析，结合分子钟分析获得的演化时间，创造性以“表型特征+单系认定+演化时间”的指标来命名种上分类单元，并据此重建蘑菇属全球范围内的系统发育图谱和标准化分类体系。在本项目的支持下，澄清了蘑菇属的主要分类问题，重建了蘑菇属6个亚属22个组的标准化分类体系；发表蘑菇属新种新变种93个、新亚属和组6个、新组合4个。由于这些可靠，骨干性的分子数据的积累和公开，极大推动了其它地区如来自泰国、澳大利亚、印度，包括我国的蘑菇属真菌的新种，新资源的发现。3）以蘑菇属Minores组成员为研究材料开展了蘑菇属的生物地理学研究，结果表明蘑菇属为热带起源及从热点亚洲为重要节点的3个演化路径。4）此外以“表型特征+单系认定+演化时间”的研究模式，接合全基因组序列分析还重建了担子菌门骨干类群的系统发育图谱。本项目共发表学术论文35篇，其中SCI论文29篇，较好完成了项目预期的各项内容，推动我国对蘑菇属资源的认识和后续开发。