西方蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）盗蜂机理的研究

Beekeeping practitioners both at home and abroad describe the nectar robber honeybee is caused by certain reasons under certain conditions that a few colonies carry out a predatory behaviour to the other colonies, The reason that induced the nectar robber honeybee includes three aspects , that is, the feeding and management of honeybee, the inside structures of bee hive and the external environment. We feed the honeybees with single quercetin ledding to colonies mutual stolen behavior, we dissect 185 robber honeybee, in which the ovarian tube have developed account for 92.5%, haven’t developed account for 7.5%. From the query of relevant test and the information, we think the essential reason of nectar robber honeybee is that the bees have collected pollen and nectar containing phenols and plant hormones in the process of collection,which ledding to the worker bee ovary development and inducing the occurrence of nectar robber honeybee.To verify the perspective, we intend to dissect worker bee ovary in different florescence to study the correlation between nectar robber honeybee and worker bee ovary development, collect the corresponding nectar and pollen and determine material in the samples what causes the worker bee ovary development by HHPLC-UV and HPLC-MSD. To elucidate the mechanism of nectar robber honeybee, change the awareness of people about nectar robber honeybee, prevent and control nectar robber honeybee in the beekeeping production, develop products of maintenance the female ovary function and to identify the species of honeybee provide a scientific basis.

国内外养蜂从业者叙述盗蜂是在特定条件下由某些原因引起的少数蜂群对其他蜂群的一种掠夺行为，诱发盗蜂的原因为蜜蜂饲养管理、蜂群内部结构、外界环境三方面。我们通过网棚内饲喂槲皮素糖浆导致蜂群发生互盗，解剖盗蜂185只，卵巢管发育占92.5%，未发育占7.5%等相关试验及资料查询，认为蜜蜂盗蜂发生的本质原因是蜜蜂访花过程中采集花蜜和花粉，这些花蜜和花粉中含有酚类和植物激素类等物质，导致大量的采集工蜂的卵巢发育，并诱发盗蜂的发生。为验证上述观点，我们拟解剖不同花期采集工蜂卵巢发育，研究盗蜂与工蜂卵巢发育的相关性，并采集相对应的蜂蜜，利用液相色谱-紫外检测器联用（HPLC-UV）、液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MSD)测定其样品中导致工蜂卵巢发育的物质。阐明盗蜂发生的机理，改变人们对蜜蜂盗蜂的认识，为养蜂生产中盗蜂的防控、女性保养卵巢的功能性食品开发、甄别蜂蜜的种类提供科学依据。

在养蜂生产实践中，特定蜜源花期易引起盗蜂。盗蜂是少数蜂群对其他蜂群的一种掠夺行为，会给养蜂生产带来重大损失。项目组选择了容易诱发及不容易诱发盗蜂的5种蜜源植物和喂白糖无花期，开展了采集工蜂卵巢管与盗蜂发生及蜂蜜成分研究。研究发现向日葵、荞麦花、野藿香花期采集工蜂卵巢发育比例均在56%以上，试验蜂场都发生了盗蜂，而苕子、橡胶、喂白糖无花期采集工蜂卵巢发育比例均在12.44%以下，试验蜂场均未发生盗蜂。研究表明盗蜂发生与采集工蜂卵巢发育比例呈正相关，采集工蜂卵巢发育比例越大，盗蜂发生的机率越大。同时，项目组采集了不同花期的蜂蜜样品，在控制饲喂器中饲养，工蜂卵巢发育结果与试验蜂场相吻合。蜂蜜样品中的酚类物质含量越高，采集工蜂卵巢发育比例越高，其中荞麦花蜂蜜中酚类含量为1610ug/g（值最高），苕子花蜂蜜为105ug/g（值最低），2个花期的工蜂卵巢发育比例分别为56.67%、10.67%，差异极显著。项目组通过对橡胶花期和橡胶蜂蜜饲喂验证试验期的采集工蜂卵巢进行解剖，发现2个时期卵巢发育都是最低的，分别为5.89%、13.89%，明确了橡胶蜂蜜中含有卵巢发育反向促进作用的物质，经成分检测分析显示顺反脱落酸可能具有抑制工蜂卵巢发育的作用。研究结果表明采集工蜂卵巢的发育或抑制与采集花期蜂蜜中酚类等物质的种类和数量有显著关系。研究结果为进一步开发出控制采集工蜂卵巢发育的产品，控制盗蜂的发生，改进提升养蜂技术奠定了科学依据。