基于地理认知的地理场景数据模型与数据组织方法

This research project is aimed at overcoming the serious defects that the traditional GIS data models and data organization approaches can not efficiently represent the hierarchical structure of geographic environment and the interaction relationships of various types of geographic elements in the scene, and can not support sophisticated geocomputation and geographic analysis due to the data models are developed and extended from the map model, which represents the spatio-tempral characteristics of every geographic element after classification and layering of these elements. From the diplex perspective of geographic cognition and geography, a typical geographic scene is looking upon as a whole that the multi scale scenes are nested, static scene and dynamic scene are coupled, and the various types of elements in the scene are interactive besides of spatial relations. At first, the hierarchical structure of the geographic scene, the spatial patterns, evolution processes and interaction mechanisms of the elements in the scene are all interpreted, conceptually abstracted and uniformly described with formalized approaches, which constitute a conceptual framework to express the geographic scene. After that, the data objects to represent the geographic scene and its elements are abstracted, and the semantics, spatial positions, geometry properties, attributes, evolution processes and interaction relations of these data objects are described normatively. The constraints and associative relations between multi scale geographic scenes, geographic scene and its component elements, and different elements are also expressed. According to the object oriented modelling theory, an object oriented data model and corresponding data structure for geographic scene and its elements are constructed. Furthermore, the effects of geographic laws on data organization strategy of geographic scene are deeply investigated, With the mathematic expressions of these geographic laws, an optimized data organization model is constructed, and the spatio-temporal indexing approaches for geographic scene data is designed. Based on the above models and approaches, an adaptive geographic scene data concordance and integration approach for geographic scene data representation is developed to integrate multi sourced geographic data. Also developed are the approaches of data customization, optimized dispatching and configuration from the organized geographic scene data base to satisfy different analysis requirements. The inventive data model and data organization approaches can support sophisticated geographic calculation and geographic simulation, which can archive the scientific objective that GIS supports geocomputation, and advance the development of geographic information science and experimental geography.

针对当前从地图模型基础上发展的，对地理要素从几何上进行分层、分类，逐要素表达的GIS数据模型和数据组织方式，无法有效刻画地理场景的结构及地理环境中不同要素间的相互作用关系，无法支撑复杂地理分析和计算的缺陷，从地理认知和地理学视角，将地理场景视作多尺度嵌套、动静耦合、多要素相互作用的整体，对地理场景的层次结构、组成要素的空间格局、演化过程和相互作用机制进行解析、抽象和统一描述；对地理场景及其组成要素的语义、位置、几何、属性、演化过程、相互作用等特征及其约束和关联关系进行规范化表达，构建面向对象的地理场景数据模型和数据结构；探索地理规律对场景数据组织的影响，构建地理场景数据的优化组织模型，发展遵循地理规律的场景时空数据索引方法；在此基础上，发展地理场景数据的自适应整合和集成方法，以及场景数据的按需定制、优化调度与配置方法。实现GIS支持地理计算的科学目标，促进地理信息科学和实验地理学的发展。

当前GIS对现实世界的抽象和数据建模起源于对地理事物和现象分类、分层表达的地图模型，不但忽视了对人这一主体及其行为的刻画，也割裂了不同地理要素彼此之间存在的相互作用关系，导致所发展的数据模型在表达现实世界时存在不完备性，难以支撑人与地理环境、环境要素与环境要素间复杂关系的分析以及对现实世界变化过程的可信模拟。为了克服此问题，本项目把一定地域、不同时空范围内各种自然要素、人文要素相互联系、相互作用所构成的具有特定结构和功能的地域综合体称作地理场景，以系统论、认知的格式塔原理为指导，剖析了地理场景这一整体的内涵及其结构，构建了地理场景分类系统。把人物、事物、事件和现象作为场景的基本组成要素并将它们抽象为场景对象，在统一的时空框架下，对场景对象在语义、时间、位置、几何形态、属性和关系等特征进行描述，以地理过程和事件作为改变场景对象特征的纽带，构建了地理场景面向地理场景时空表达的概念数据模型和“立体网状图”逻辑数据模型，以及基于Neo4j图数据库的场景对象数据存储方案。从场景对象空间分布特征、时空演化过程和相互关系等视角出发，提出了顾及地理规律的地理场景数据组织与索引方法，为场景数据的快速访问提供了保障。为了聚合场景数据，提出了基于场景草图的多层级场景匹配模型及其网络环境下地理数据的匹配搜索方法，实现了依据草图在Web空间对真实场景数据的有效搜索和定制。提出了依据规则和要素关系模板的多源数据整合与场景对象关系构建方法，构建了整体表达的场景数据。面向地理分析，提出了以场景概念图为地理系统抽象的介质，进行地理分析建模的思路，设计了以概念组件为基础的场景概念图构建及其与应用模型映射的方法。以多种人文和自然场景的应用为例，探索了地理场景数据模型与数据组织方法在支持地理分析、模拟与可视化表达等方面的有效性。为数字孪生体的构建、时空大数据挖掘等应用提供了基础，可促进地理信息科学的发展。