中国珍稀濒危药用植物多样性的分布格局及保护

In recent years, a large number of wild traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) resources are reduced or lost due to the significant human activities and ecological environment change, which making the conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity of TCM resources extremely urgent. Both governments and scientist worldwide have made great efforts and offered many different ways to prevent the loss of TCM resouces. Within these, to set up protected area to conservate both the species and their habitats, has been found as one of the most effective ways to protect species diversity in situ. In order to better protect the biodiversity of TCM resources, Chinese government has put the construction of protected area for endangered species of wild medicinal plants and animals as an important task within “the TCM conservation and development plan (2015-2020)”, which was promulgated in 2015. Therefore, it will be helpful and meaningful to carry out the studies on the distribution and conservation status of biodiversity of TCM resources to the protective planning and design. In this study, we focused on the distribution and conservation of wild threatened medicinal plants in China. We firstly collected species distribution information through the project of “the Fourth National Census of TCM resources”, and downloaded the recent and future climate data from the online shared database. We complied the spatial database of national nature reserves and provincial nature reserves by digitalizing all terrestrial national nature reserves and provincial nature reserves using ArcGIS 10.0. We carried out the Dobson’s complementary analysis, species distribution model, and representativeness analysis of special species and species diversity of threatened medicinal plants, in order to: (1) explore the distribution pattern and hotspots of species richenss of threatened medicinal plants and its relationship with recent climate and response to climate change, and (2) assess the conservation effectiveness of the existing nature reserve systems for threatened medicinal plants under climate change. The results of this study will provide a scientific basis for the construction of protected area for endangered species of wild medicinal plants.

近年来，人类活动和生态环境变化引起的大量野生中药资源的流失和枯竭使得中药资源生物多样性的保护与可持续利用迫在眉睫。建立保护区是进行中药资源生物多样性就地保护的有效方式。2015年颁布的《中药材保护和发展规划(2015-2020年)》明确将建设濒危野生药用动植物保护区作为重要任务之一。而开展中药资源生物多样性分布格局及其受保护状况研究将有助于指导野生药用动植物保护区的规划和建设工作。本项目拟以中国珍稀濒危野生药用植物为研究对象，利用第四次全国中药资源普查试点成果，集成气候、物种分布及自然保护区分布数据，运用Dobson筛除算法、物种分布模型及物种代表性分析等方法，(1)揭示珍稀濒危药用植物多样性的分布格局、热点地区及其对气候变化的响应，(2)并评估现有自然保护区系统对珍稀濒危药用植物的保护有效性。项目的实施将为珍稀濒危野生药用植物保护区的确定提供科学依据。

开展珍稀濒危药用植物地理分布及其受保护现状评估对确定中药资源生物多样性保护的关键区域、科学实施野生中药资源的保护工程具有重要的指导意义。本研究基于第四次全国中药资源普查试点成果及相关文献记录整理并构建了603种中国珍稀濒危药用植物的县级和海拔分布数据库，结合气候及自然保护区空间分布数据，运用5%物种最丰富算法、Dobson互补算法、物种分布模型及物种和热点地区代表性分析等方法探讨了中国珍稀濒危药用植物的分布热点地区、对气候变化的响应及受保护现状。研究发现：(1)中国珍稀濒危药用植物多样性呈南高北低的地理分布格局，主要分布于210个热点县域中，其中41个关键热点县域。(2)RCP2.6和RCP8.5情景下，气候变化分别会引起82.0%和87.2%珍稀濒危药用植物物种的分布范围缩小，40.6%和53.0%的区域物种多样性降低。(3)当前气候条件下，自然保护区对珍稀濒危药用植物物种的覆盖比例达96.8%，各物种平均受保护比例为11.6±11.8%；RCP2.6和RCP8.5情景下，覆盖比例分别降为91.7%和86.4%，但各物种平均受保护比例分别升为12.0±14.9%和14.9±16.9%。(4)气候变化条件下，RCP8.5情景下珍稀濒危药用植物物种多样性热点地区与当前气候条件的差异大于RCP2.6情景；自然保护区对当前气候条件下的珍稀濒危药用植物物种多样性热点地区覆盖比例为8.6%，高于RCP2.6情景(7.6%)，低于RCP8.5情景(9.2%)。研究揭示了珍稀濒危药用植物对气候变化的脆弱性，也表明了自然保护区在应对气候变化可能发挥的积极作用。研究揭示了当前及气候变化背景下珍稀濒危药用植物的保护空白区域，并针对性提出增强保护成效的建议。