纳米碳基高分子复合材料的可控制备及其在新能源领域的应用基础研究

Preparation and development of new energy related nanomaterials with high-performance and multi-functionality have attracted tremendous attentions, which is key and critical to create energy conversion and storage systems with high efficiency, excellent stability as well as long durability. To this end, this proposal describes a general and effective strategy to effectively hybridize carbon-based nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon nanofibers) with conjugated polymers in order to prepare a series of novel polymer composites with controllable morphologies and excellent electrochemical properties. The excellent properties of carbon nanomaterials and conjugated polymers including polyaniline and polypyrrole will be sufficiently exploited to optimize the performance of the composites thus prepared for their applications in supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries and dye-sensitized solar cell systems. Also, free-standing and porous composites with high density will be prepared via controllably adjusting their microstructures and efficiently exploit their potential applications in flexible or weavable energy-related devices. Furthermore, carbon nanomaterials based polymer composites with hierarchical structures such as high alignment and conductive anisotropy will be prepared by electrospinning. We will in-depth study the evolution and optimization of microstructures of carbon hybrids and polymer composites and their impact on the performance of energy-related devices. Finally, the relationship of material design and tailoring, structural and morphological optimization of polymer composites and the fabrication and performance efficiency of new energy devices will be thoroughly investigated and established in this project for obtaining a series of novel high-performance polymer composites and their new energy devices, and also laying a solid practical and theoretical basis for the design and R&D for other novel kinds of new energy-related materials and devices with high performance in the future.

高性能新能源材料的制备和研发是获得具有高效、高稳定性和长使用寿命的能源转换和储存系统的关键。本项目拟将碳纳米材料(如碳管、石墨烯、碳纳米纤维)与共轭高分子材料(如聚苯胺、聚吡咯)进行高效复合，利用共轭高分子优异的界面氧化还原性质，结合三维纳米碳材料良好的导电性和循环使用性，制备结构形态可控和电化学性能优异的新型高性能纳米碳基高分子复合材料，并将其用于新能源器件(如超级电容器、锂离子或染料敏化太阳能电池)领域。通过调控碳纳米材料及其杂化材料的微观结构，进一步构筑具有多级结构、高致密性、多孔性高分子纳米复合材料，并探索其在柔性或可编织新能源器件中的高效利用；通过纺丝技术制备具有特殊结构(如高度取向、导电各向异性)的新型复合材料。深入研究材料设计、微观结构调控、器件工艺优化等因素对新能源器件性能的影响，建立材料结构-能源效率之间的关系规律，为新型高性能新能源材料和器件的研发和应用奠定坚实基础。

高性能新能源材料的制备和研发是获得具有高效、高稳定性和长使用寿命的能源转换和储存系统的关键。针对单一组分的碳纳米材料易于团聚、孔隙利用率低、电子传输效率低，以及纳米碳基高分子复合材料能量密度低、共轭高分子材料使用寿命短等新能源材料领域亟待解决的瓶颈问题，本项目从材料微观结构的设计与调控出发，着重开展了具有多级结构的纳米碳基高分子复合材料的可控制备及其在新能源方面的应用基础研究，主要研究成果如下：（1）实现了新型碳纳米基杂化材料及三维多级结构碳纳米材料的微观结构设计及物理化学性能的调控，通过对其在分子/微观尺度上的结构设计，克服单一组分的碳纳米材料在应用中易于团聚、孔隙率低、电子传输效率低等问题，实现了碳纳米基杂化材料结构的最优化并进一步提高其电化学性能，从而在根本上解决了新能源器件转化效率和储存密度低等关键科学问题，拓展了高导电、高孔隙结构和高稳定性碳纳米材料及其杂化材料在新能源存储/转换等领域中的高效利用；（2）构筑了具有多级结构、高致密性、多孔性等结构形态可控的新型纳米碳基导电高分子复合电极材料，通过简易的制备方法与工艺流程获得柔性纳米碳基高分子复合材料，并探索了其在高性能柔性新能源器件中的应用，充分结合了共轭高分子材料(如聚苯胺、聚吡咯)优异的赝电容特性和碳纳米杂化材料良好的导电性和稳定性，从根本上解决了碳纳米材料电池或电容容量低以及共轭高分子材料使用寿命短等瓶颈问题；（3）开发了其他共轭结构高分子及其碳基复合电极材料体系，揭示并建立了碳纳米基有机电极材料的电化学功能特性与其结构相关性规律，深入研究了共轭结构高分子碳基复合材料体系材料设计、微观结构调控、器件工艺优化等因素对新能源器件性能的影响规律。本项目取得的研究成果为深入理解纳米碳基高分子复合材料在新能源领域应用的原理机制提供了创新思路，也为基于纳米碳基高分子复合材料的高性能新能源材料和器件的研发和应用奠定了坚实基础。