新疆博斯腾湖湿地生态水权分配及其制度研究

The wetland ecological water rights is proposed urgently according to such realities that the Bosten lake wetland area is shrinking, wetland biodiversity is damaged and ecological water usage of the wetland is difficult to guarantee. Wetland ecological water rights are amount of water rights for wetland ecology in proportion to the quantity of water in the basin from the point of view of the water rights allocation. The project intends to explore and develop the safety threshold value of ecological water demand of Bosten lake for maintaining reasonable ecological water level and wetland ecological safety, by analyzing the water level, water area and wetland changes for many years. By analysis of ecology, production and living water usage, we discuss issues of ecological water rights of the Bosten lake wetland based on principle of co-ordination watershed production with ecology, and then determine the amount of ecological water rights in the different guarantee rate. At last, we will analyze basin water resources supply guarantee rate and future water supply and demand balance in the context of global change for guidance allocation of ecological water rights, and then establish wetlands ecological water rights system initially. This research is an important part of the initial water rights allocation. It can provide a reference for others similar areas to formulate ecological and environmental protection policy and water rights allocation. And at the same time, it can provide a scientific basis for government departments to establish the ecological water rights system.

本研究针对博斯腾湖湿地面积日益缩小，湿地生物多样性受损，湿地生态用水难以保障的现实情况，提出保障湿地生态水权的迫切需求。湿地生态水权就是流域内的水资源量从水权的角度按比例为湿地分配生态水权量。本项目拟通过博斯腾湖多年水位、水域面积、湿地变化等分析，探讨和制定维系博斯腾湖合理生态水位与湿地生态安全的生态需水量安全阈值；在流域生态、生产、生活用水分析的基础上，探讨基于流域生产、生态统筹协调原则下的博斯腾湖湿地生态水权问题，从而确定不同保证率生态水权量；分析全球变化背景下流域未来水资源可供给保证率与未来供需水平衡，指导生态水权分配，初步建立湿地生态水权制度。本项目研究成果是流域初始水权分配的重要组成部分，可为其他类似地区的生态环境保护政策制定和生态水权分配依据提供参考，同时可以为政府管理部门建立生态水权制度提供科学依据。

本研究针对博斯腾湖湿地面积日益缩小，湿地生物多样性受损，湿地生态用水难以保障的现实情况，提出保障湿地生态水权的迫切需求。湿地生态水权就是流域内的水资源量从水权的角度按比例为湿地分配生态水权量。本项目研究成果是流域初始水权分配的重要组成部分，可为其他类似地区的生态环境保护政策制定和生态水权分配依据提供参考，同时为政府管理部门建立生态水权制度提供科学依据。. 本项目以新疆博斯腾湖流域为研究区，以博斯腾湖湿地为重点研究对象，通过博斯腾湖多年水位、水域面积、湿地变化和生态环境等的相关分析，确定了博斯腾湖适宜生态水位和适宜水域面积，探讨和制定了维系博斯腾湖湿地生态安全的生态需水量安全阈值；在流域生态、生产、生活用水分析的基础上，探讨基于流域生产、生态统筹协调原则下的博斯腾湖湿地生态水权问题，从而确定了不同保证率生态水权量；分析了全球变化背景下流域未来水资源可供给保证率与未来供需水平衡，指导生态水权分配，提出生态水权制度建立的建议。主要研究结果如下：. 研究确定了博斯腾湖湿地生态水位阈值为1045.7-1048 m，维持博斯腾湖湿地生态安全的生态环境需水量阈值为61.75亿方。在平水年，博斯腾湖湿地的生态初始水权量为190022万方，大于湿地平水年适宜生态需水量；在一般枯水年，生态初始水权量为165990万方，大于湿地一般枯水年适宜生态需水量；在特枯水年时，生态初始水权量为133199万方，大于湿地特枯水年适宜生态需水量。说明按照适宜生态需水量为博斯腾湖湿地供水，用的是博斯腾湖湿地的初始生态水权，不需要对上游区域进行补偿；相反，若上游地区未按适宜生态需水量对博斯腾湖湿地进行供水，则是占用了博斯腾湖湿地的初始生态水权，需要对博斯腾湖湿地进行生态补偿。进一步研究提出了未来不同规划年（2020和2025年）供需水状况下的湿地生态初始水权量仍然大于适宜生态需水量。