基于流变自组装的木质材料表面膨胀泡沫炭层形成及其阻燃抑烟机制

Wooden materials without flame retardant processing are accomplices in the spread of fire, so the forming of stable and reliable expanded foam char layer in fire is the key to protect the safety and fire resistance of wooden components. In this project, considering the essential difference between wood and polymer, the synergistic reaction forming the molten material between fire retardant, macromolecule prepolymer, synergistic agent and wood element can be used as entry point, and the formation mechanism of stable expanded foam char layer on wooden materials in fire will be studied. According to the theory of catalytic, heat-mass transfer and supramolecular self-assembly, the formation mechanism of foam char layer of intumescent fire retardant resin coatings will be investigated using analytical techniques such as cone calorimetry, scanning electron microscopic and solid-state NMR, the conversion reaction mechanism of inorganic heteropoly acid and organic prepolymer into molten materials under combustion temperature will be studied, and the mechanism of rheological self-assembly process, the rheological properties of the melt and the molecular orientation and recognition will be analyzed, affecting factors and its flame retardancy and smoke suppression function of multilayer structure of expanded char layer of wooden surface formed by char particles and molten materials driven by source gas will be clarified. Then propose of controllable formation mechanism theory of foam char layer on solid wood and other wooden materials can explore the technique of forming sable and non-cracking expanded foam char layer on wooden materials surface in fire without damaging the decorative performance, and provide scientific basis for innovative designing of flame retardant technology system of wooden materials.

未阻燃处理的木质材料是火灾蔓延的帮凶，发生火灾时形成稳定可靠的膨胀泡沫炭层才是保障木质构件安全耐火的关键。本项目针对木材与聚合物之间的本质差异，以阻燃剂、高分子预聚体、协效剂与木材组分间形成熔融体的协同反应为切入点，围绕木质材料表面在火灾温度下稳定膨胀泡沫炭层形成机制这一科学问题，在催化理论、热质传递理论和超分子自组装理论指导下，采用锥形量热、电镜和固体核磁等现代分析技术剖析膨胀型阻燃树脂涂料泡沫炭层形成机制的基础上，研究燃烧温度作用下无机杂多酸、有机预聚体与木材组分反应转化为熔融体的机制，分析熔融体的流变特性和分子取向-识别作用，明确炭粒和熔融体在气源驱动下膨胀炭层多层次结构的流变自组装过程、影响因素和阻燃抑烟作用机制，创新木质材料表面可控形成膨胀泡沫炭层的理论体系，探寻木质材料形成稳定不开裂膨胀泡沫炭层又不损害其装饰使用性能的技术方法，为木质材料阻燃技术体系的创新设计提供科学依据。

未阻燃处理的木质材料是火灾蔓延的帮凶，发生火灾时形成稳定可靠的膨胀泡沫炭层才是保障木质构件安全耐火的关键。在国家自然科学基金资助下，31670563项目组针对木材与聚合物之间的本质差异，以阻燃剂、高分子预聚体、协效剂与木材组分间形成熔融体的协同反应为切入点，围绕木质材料表面在火灾温度下稳定膨胀泡沫炭层形成机制这一科学问题，在催化理论、热质传递理论和超分子自组装理论指导下，采用锥形量热、电镜和固体核磁等现代分析技术剖析膨胀型阻燃树脂涂料泡沫炭层形成机制的基础上，研究了APP、Mel、PER、醇酸树脂、聚酰胺树脂、氯化铁、杂多酸对膨胀型阻燃树脂涂料泡沫炭层形成影响机制和APP、聚酰胺、异烟酸、5A分子筛、金属参杂硅凝胶、ZnAl-LDHs、ZnAl-PW12O40-LDHs、ZnAl-SiW12O40-LDHs、芳构化反应等作用下木质材料炭层多层次组织结构形成机理，探索了木质材料表面泡沫炭层的可控形成，创新了磺化炭的阻燃抑烟作用机理、相变吸热的膨胀泡沫阻燃防火机理、多相立体屏障阻燃防火理论、功能叠加耦合阻燃抑烟防火理论等木材阻燃的理论和磺酸基生物炭阻燃剂制备技术、节能低耗无胶共挤一次成型工艺、磺化炭/竹木纤维木塑板绿色制造工艺、三维网络阻燃环氧树脂树脂涂料、醇酸树脂相变防火涂料生产工艺等技术体系方案。项目执行期间，申请专利17项，获得国家发明专利授权14项，在国内外专业期刊上发表研究论文14篇，培养研究生5人，获得国家科技进步二等奖1项、湖南省科技进步二等奖1项、长沙市大学生科技创新创业大赛二等奖1项，鉴定科技成果1项。研究发现，木质材料的膨胀泡沫炭层形成过程所涉及的组成要素多元、驱动因素复杂，对木质材料膨胀泡沫炭层的结构品质及其阻燃抑烟作用影响极大，项目组将进一步围绕木质材料膨胀泡沫炭层构筑背后的多元耦合、协同驱动、结构演化等关键基础科学问题开展深入系统的研究。