中国马蜂亚科和胡蜂亚科的区系分类和系统发育研究

Wasps of both the subfamily Polistinae and Vespinae are ferocious predators in forestry and agricultural ecosystems. They are also significantly medicinal and edible insects. But the wasps are well-known pests preying on silkworms and bees, damaging ripe fruits and attacking people and domestic animals. All over the world, the subfamily Polistinae includes 26 genera with some 1100 species total, and Vespinae contains four genera with 74 species. There are seven genera with 73 species of both Polistinae and Vespinae from China. So far, the fact is evident that the natural resources of Polistinae and Vespinae in China are precisely unknown. And the existing taxonomic categories need to be revised, some new taxonomic categories are waiting to be described, and the phylogenetic developments of the tribes, genera and species remain to be probed, respectively. Besides, some morphologically similar species and sibling species are difficult to be identified by means of conventional taxonomy, so the new basis of classifications to the species are necessary to be difined through molecular taxonomy. This project aims to systematicly classify the species of Polistinae and Vespinae from China by a nationwide range of collecting specimens and morphological identification. On the above basis, molecular classification, faunal analysis and phylogenetic analysis will be further carried out, respectively. Such as, the morphologically similar species and sibling species are confused and will be clarified combining the molecular differences of their mtDNA Cytb, COI, COII, morphological differences and distribution characteristics. In addition to,through the methods of the cladistic and molecular systematics, the phylogenetic developments, faunal compositions and distribution patterns of all the representative genera, tribes and subfamilies of the family Vespidae from China will be explored combining the conventional taxonomy, morphological analysis, molecular data, biological characteristics and distribution characteristics. In the long run, the basic documents of the family Vespidae from China will be comprehensively shown through the project,including the natural resourcrs, phylogenetic developments, distribution patterns and so on. The results of this project will directly provide with the scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of the useful insects and for the control of pests.

马蜂亚科和胡蜂亚科均为森林及农田中凶猛的捕猎性天敌昆虫，也是人们熟知的药用及食用昆虫，但也是危害柞蚕、蜜蜂、成熟果实及人畜的常见害虫。世界已知马蜂26属约1100种、胡蜂4属74种，我国已知马蜂和胡蜂共7属73种，种类家底尚不完全清楚，相关分类阶元的修订、新阶元的记述及族、属间的演化等有待深入，部分种类尚需借助分子数据补充界定。本项目拟以广泛的种类调查和形态鉴定为基础，进而开展分子分类、区系和系统发育分析：获取疑难种或近缘种的mtDNA Cytb、COI、COII等基因序列的分子差异，结合形态及分布等澄清形态上的混乱；运用支序系统学和分子系统学方法，选取代表性强的属、种，结合形态、分子数据、生物学特性及分布特征等探索我国胡蜂科各亚科、族及属的系统演化关系、区系组成和分布格局。通过本项目将较清楚地摸清我国胡蜂科种类资源、亲缘关系及分布格局等基础信息，为益虫的保护利用和害虫防治提供科学依据。

马蜂亚科和胡蜂亚科的种类均是凶猛的社会性捕猎性天敌昆虫，主要捕食鳞翅目害虫的幼虫，对害虫种群数量起到直接自然控制作用，40年来我国这两个亚科的区系分类和系统发育尚缺乏系统和深入的研究。本项目在已有收集研究基础上，系统地补充收集和研究马蜂亚科和胡蜂亚科的种类记述文献和标本，做较全面的鉴定和分类工作，并对部分近似种类进行了分子分类和线粒体全基因组的测序和分析。在项目经费资助下，本项目严格按照项目任务书执行，在四年内完成了除台湾之外全国所有省份的标本采集和惠借，共收集马蜂和胡蜂2万余头标本，借阅核实相关单位馆藏标本3000余头，包括9属94种，其中13新种6新记录种，已对所鉴定种类进行详细特征描述、特征拍照、绘图及区系分析等，并完成了分属分种检索表的编制，部分新种及新记录种已公开发表，同时，通过本项目的资助也进一步完善了我国蜾蠃亚科的分类研究；另外，完成了异腹胡蜂属及铃腹胡蜂属等容易混淆种类的分子分类，同时，完成了胡蜂科13种的全线粒体基因组测序及分析，结合整个胡蜂科各关键类群分析了各亚科间的系统发育关系。本项目研究结果已发表论文9篇，其中SCI论文7篇，另有3篇论文（2篇SCI）在投稿阶段，还有部分研究结果将陆续发表。在此项目研究基础上，“胡蜂科线粒体基因组学和系统发育研究”获2017年国家自然科学基金面上项目资助，因此，通过本项目研究促进了我国乃至全世界胡蜂科分类研究的发展，为该科昆虫中益虫的利用和害虫的防治提供了科学依据。