仿生微纳结构生物质炭/掺杂氧化锡光热转换材料的构筑及其强化水蒸发机制研究

As fossil energy crisis, fresh water scarcity and water pollution being more and more serious, it emerges as a research hotspot to apply solar evaporating materials in the desalination of seawater and the treatment of polluted water. This project starts from three key points including the solar-thermal conversion, localized heating and water transport in solar evaporating process. In this project, we aim to construct biomass-carbon/tin oxide solar-thermal conversion materials with bionic micro/nano structure via ice-templating/carbonization methods. The influence of formula factors including carbon source, nanoparticles and additives, as well as preparation parameters including of supercooling temperature, freezing rate and carbonization condition on the micro/nano structures of the materials is investigated. The effects of the materials composition and the micro/nano structures (surface wrinkle and pores, vessel-like micro-channels and annular nano-flakes) on the solar-thermal conversion, localized heating and water transport of the materials are studied to reveal the coupling relationship of these three key points through combination of theoretical modeling and experiment. The structure-properties relationship of the materials composition and the micro/nano structures on solar evaporation are also studied, which is then combined with the coupling relationship of the three key points to demonstrate the enhanced evaporating mechanism of the biomass-carbon/tin oxide materials with bionic micro/nano-structures. This project has important theoretical and practical significance for the design, development and utilization of new solar-thermal conversion material for water evaporating.

化石能源危机、淡水资源匮乏及水污染加剧，使得利用太阳能光热转换材料进行水蒸发，实现海水淡化、污水治理成为研究的热点。本课题从太阳能水蒸发材料的光热转换、局域加热、水运输三个关键出发，拟采用冰晶模板/碳化法构筑具有仿生微纳结构的生物质炭/掺杂氧化锡太阳能水蒸发材料。研究冰晶模板剂、碳源、氧化锡纳米颗粒、助剂等配方因素，以及过冷度、降温速率、碳化条件等制备参数对材料组成、微纳结构(表面褶皱及孔洞、导管状孔道、纳米环纹等)的影响规律；研究材料组成、微纳结构对光热转换、局域加热、水运输的影响规律，通过实验研究与理论模拟结合，揭示光热转换、局域加热、水运输三者之间的耦合关系；研究材料组成、微纳结构与水蒸发性能的构效关系，并结合上述三者间的耦合关系，阐明仿生微纳结构生物质炭/掺杂氧化锡材料强化太阳能水蒸发的机制。该研究对新型太阳能光热水蒸发材料的设计、开发及利用具有重要的理论和实际意义。

化石能源危机、淡水资源匮乏及水污染加剧的背景下，利用太阳能光热转换材料进行界面水蒸发，实现海水淡化、污水治理成为多领域研究的热点。本项目制备了碳化萝卜、碳化浒苔、碳化土豆、碳纤维膜、碳化报纸、炭黑/聚氨酯泡沫等系列太阳能光热转换材料，研究了材料组成、微观结构等对材料光吸收、亲水性、隔热性、水蒸发性能的影响及规律。采用冰晶模板/碳化法制备了具有仿生微纳结构的生物质炭/锑掺杂氧化锡（ATO）光热材料，研究了配方组成、冷冻工艺、碳化工艺等因素对所制备材料组成、微纳结构的影响；研究了材料组成、微观结构等对其光热转换、局域加热、水运输的影响，发现了三者间的耦合关系；阐明了仿生微纳结构生物质炭/ATO材料强化太阳能水蒸发的机制。在1个太阳辐照下，光热转换材料的水蒸发速率达到1.44 kg∙m-2∙h-1，效率达到90.38%。采用表面碳化花泥柱阵列、表面碳化杉木柱阵列构筑了高速太阳能水蒸发器件，借助COMSOL Multiphysics 模拟了阵列中的水蒸气浓度、水蒸气扩散速率、温度场分布，发现蒸发表面和阵列内水蒸气能否及时扩散是制约水蒸发的主要因素。1个太阳辐照下，风速为3.5m/s时，杉木柱阵列的蒸发速率达到13.2 kg∙m-2∙h-1。所获成果可为高效太阳能水蒸发材料和器件的设计提供指导。研究成果已在Energy、Renewable Energy、Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells等重要期刊发表SCI收录论文12篇（其中JCR1区论文7篇，目前发表文章已被引用197次），中文核心期刊论文6篇。申请国家发明专利3项，培养硕士研究生6名。