“能量—建构”矛盾导向下的近零能耗轻质装配式建筑围护系统整合设计策略研究

In recent years, the transformation of construction methods and the deepening of energy conservation have become the “dual-core” for energy conservation in building sector of China, which leads to the rapid development of prefabricated building (LPB) and nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB). As a result, the integration of LPB and nZEB has become an inexorable trend in building industry. In this regard, this study selects both the LPB and nZEB as research objects and the building envelope system as carrier to investigate the design strategy integrating two building systems. Firstly, based on the correlative research from home and abroad with the investigation of three existing experimental platforms, three Energy-Tectonics contradiction are revealed, establishing the envelope design element set for the nearly zero energy LPBs. Secondly, based on the field measuring of a newly-built experimental platform and the multi-software simulation, the Energy-Tectonics integrating for single design element and the Physics+Performance integrating for multiple design elements are successively conducted, leading to the integrated design strategies for the envelope of nearly zero energy LPBs. Finally, after applying the integrated envelope design elements on the new platform, a long-term performance monitoring is further carried out to verify and modify the integrated design strategy. In conclusion, this study orients to the empirical application, which can provide direct support for the design and application of nearly zero energy LPB in China.

近年来，转变建造方式与深化运行节能已成为我国建筑节能工作的“双核”，装配式建筑与近零能耗建筑迅速发展，两者整合更成为建筑业可持续发展的必然趋势之一。对此，本课题以近零能耗建筑与轻质装配式建筑为研究对象，以围护系统为载体，旨在探索实现两种建筑体系整合的有效设计策略。首先，基于国内外相关研究与3座已有实验平台测试，揭示两者整合面临的“能量－建构”三大关键矛盾，据此建立近零能耗轻质装配式建筑的围护设计要素集。其次，基于新实验平台实测与多建筑性能软件模拟，分别展开单项围护设计要素的“能量－建构”整合与多项围护设计要素的“物理+性能”整合，系统建构近零能耗轻质装配式建筑的围护整合设计策略。最后，再次依托新对比实验平台，对整合完毕的围护设计要素进行集成应用，并通过长效实测检验，对前期整合设计策略进行反馈与修正。综上，本课题强调实证应用，可为我国近零能耗轻质装配式建筑的设计应用提供直接的建议与指导。

面向“双碳”目标，我国建筑业亟需深化发展节能减碳的技术路径，既指向运行节能的升级，也关联于低碳建造的转型。因此，大力发展近零能耗建筑体系与装配式建筑，并实现两者的有机整合，是建筑业重要的未来趋势。基于此，本项目以围护系统为研究载体，探索两种顶层可持续建筑体系的整合设计策略。基于国内外相关研究与3座已有实验平台（A1-A3）的调研与实测，项目首先提取近零能耗与轻质装配式建筑整合的三大“能量-建构”矛盾，据此建立围护关键设计要素集。针对“装配式-热阻漏”矛盾，项目分别针对围护热桥与板缝气密性，选取典型轻质装配式系统为优化目标，借助传热与流体动力学模拟计算，建立面向围护热桥与建筑气密性的评价体系及关键指标，以围护设计参数为链接，建立热阻漏性能与建构效率有效关联，既得到满足近零能耗指标的轻质装配式围护无热桥设计策略及技术体系，也证明依序整合拼接紧密度、板缝构造优化以及围护本体建构三大技术策略，可使建筑气密性能获得指数提升，优化幅度可达78.6~87.4%。针对“轻质化-热稳定”矛盾，项目建立轻质装配式建筑的热稳定评价及指标体系，依托热工性能模拟，围绕轻质围护的本体设计、材性复合、运行操作三大类因素开展正交试验，通过极差与方差分析确定5种因子的性能影响排序及显著性，综合建构可行性权衡因子“最优水平”，并证明“最优组合”比常规轻质装配式体系可性能提升30~35%。针对“标准化-应变性”矛盾，项目基于A1-A3实验平台实践提取轻质装配式建筑应变表皮原型及3大关键因子，依托B1新实验平台开展正交试验，实测确立各因子的性能影响排序，并选取显著影响因子深化研究，建立夏热冬暖地区表皮百叶旋转角度与夏、冬节能率的定量关联，建构面向不同气候适应尺度的应变表皮最优构造组合及其操作策略。最终，项目依托实验平台体系与反馈式研究路径，探讨了各围护设计要素的物理集成逻辑，揭示其性能间的分化互补与协同强化并存之现象，共同作用于建构效率与能量表现的整合提升。