基于BDS/GPS-GSM跟踪定位的黑颈鹤栖息地选择及空间利用研究

Satellite tracking is among the most effective methods in the research and conservation of wildlife and its habitats. It is able to provide researchers with tremendous amount of species distribution data, thus realizing the real-time monitor on the wildlife dynamic. However, the difficulty in safe capture of wild individuals and heavy expenditure of tracking devices greatly restrict its application worldwide. Listed as the National First Class Protected Animal, the black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis) is also the only environmental indicator and flagship species in alpine wetland ecosystems, yet the study on which has been seriously limited by the inclement environment on the Tibetan Plateau. Consequently, with original capture technique and long-term tracking experience, we intend to use domestic independently-developed BDS/GPS-GSM tracking devices to track over 40 individuals of the black-necked crane, and ultimately to collect over 500,000 practical distribution data. Subsequently, applying the collected species data and the environmental data acquired from empirical fieldwork and public open access sites in spatial analysis (e.g. species distribution models), we intend to reveal: the black-necked crane’s distribution pattern through space and time, complete and accurate migration routes, macro-habitat selection preference, micro-habitat space use mechanism, and the correlation between habitat suitability and population fitness. We aim that revealed key points and prioritized areas in the habitat conservation of the black-necked crane during various stages of its life history could be applied to the long-term persistence of this species.

利用先进的卫星跟踪技术可实现对野生动物动态的实时监测并获得海量信息。这已成为对野生动物栖息地分析及保护等研究的最佳手段之一，具有较好应用前景。然而，研究对象难以安全捕捉和跟踪设备昂贵等原因制约了该方法广泛应用。黑颈鹤作为高原湿地生态系统的旗舰物种，被列为国家一级保护动物，但目前对其栖息地的研究却囿于高原环境恶劣等因素的限制而严重缺失。本项目拟使用国内自主研发的BDS/GPS-GSM卫星跟踪设备，结合课题组拥有的鸟类安全捕捉专利技术和多年实践经验，对至少40只黑颈鹤个体进行卫星跟踪，将获得50万余条实际分布位点数据；结合实地调查以及公共数据平台获得环境数据，利用物种分布模型等进行综合分析，全面揭示黑颈鹤这一受胁物种的时空分布格局、完整准确的迁徙路线、宏栖息地选择偏好、微栖息地空间利用机制以及栖息地适宜度同种群适合度间的相关性。旨在查明黑颈鹤生活史不同阶段栖息地保护的关键节点和优先区域以利保护

黑颈鹤是国家一级重点保护野生动物，青藏高原的旗舰物种，几乎为中国特有，主要生活在高原。由于保护得力，其种群数量近年在缓慢上升。但还有有关黑颈鹤的迁徙，栖息地利用等诸多方面的研究需要深入开展，以便更好地保护该物种。以往的研究手段难于满足大范围长时间的黑颈鹤迁徙研究，本项目聚焦于黑颈鹤的迁徙细节，微栖息地利用等方面开展了为期四年的研究工作，应用较为先进的BDS/GPS-GSM方法，累计卫星跟踪了166只黑颈鹤，占全球黑颈鹤总量的1%，取样强度非常有代表性，比原计划的40只超出了300%。通过卫星跟踪，获得了100余万条数据（每条数据包含地理坐标、海拔高度、运动航向角、温度、水平精准度、垂直精准度等），比原计划的50万条超出了一倍以上。通过数据分析，我们完成了黑颈鹤四个亚群的划分，发现了：“盐池湾-林周”、“青海湖-林芝”、“班公湖-日喀则”等三条迁徙路线，发现了“逆向迁徙”以及“聚散式迁徙”等多种迁徙模式；同时发现了黑颈鹤的主要威胁因子：高压输配电线，致死率达15.5%。若双因子叠加，会使其致危程度加剧。为此，我们组织协调有公关管理部门和涉及企业，开展了三次专门的研讨，并形成了三个会议纪要，有关防护措施正在落实之中。研究过程中，我们已经发表了“Satellite tracking reveals a new migration route of black-necked cranes (Grus nigricollis) in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau”相关论文9篇，超额原计划200%。通过本研究全面揭示黑颈鹤这一受胁物种的时空分布格局、完整准确的迁徙路线、宏栖息地选择偏好、微栖息地空间利用机制以及栖息地适宜度同种群适合度间的相关性。黑颈鹤换羽的延伸研究和后期总结工作，正在有序进行中。