城市老旧社区“养老综合区”建构机制、空间模式和设计导则：基于存量整合理念

In the background of accelerated aging of population, the national government determined the pension policy, so community became the important pension options which cover an enormous amount of people. Compared with the new-built community, the old city community has the characteristics of more aging population, many empty nesters, low-income ageing people who are highly dependent on community care, etc, but because of lack of space, poor condition of facilities. Conventional methods of elderly- fitness renew and the construction of additional facilities can’t completely solve the urgent need of the community nursing service, which become the top priority pension problem that the academia and the government must face..Therefore, the research changes to the concept of stock’s integration to community space; Study at the typical old urban community, do interdisciplinary research by man-machine interaction, table-top exercises, focusing on the concept of multiparty participation; Investigate the truth of public opinion, combing through the fact of the elderly life and activity in community, explore the old community living situation and the way of facilities and environment space resources integration, probe the space mode which integrated both synthetic retirement community and the "Aging in Place" to become a " the elderly-nursing community Complex " .Furthermore, study on its supporting land, real estate, capital, and management policies and market mechanisms; Develop the guidelines which is suitable for the actual situation of different communities’ spatial pattern type and differentiated planning. .New ideas and new methods proposed in this study has not only academic value, but also significant effects on dealing with the difficulties in implementing facilities for the elderly in old urban community. And it’s also valued for cost-effectively and fundamentally solving pension problem .Furthermore it has reference value for the new-built residential and communities’ nursing facilities.

老龄化加速背景下的城市中老旧社区，与新建社区相比，具有高龄化显著，空巢老人多、收入低，对社区养老依赖度高等特点，但因其空间局促、管理复杂等实情，常规的适老化改造和增建设施已不能根本解决其养老难题。本研究依据人居环境科学和管理学原理针对老旧社区现状，提出存量整合理念，采用虚拟现实、数理分析、多方参与等方法，梳理老年人生活轨迹、养老选择动机与空间关联性，系统研究现状老旧社区居住、设施和空间资源整合机理；探寻具有“机构养老”和“原居养老”共同优势的“社区养老综合区”新模式，建构其尺度规模、设施及居住空间组织方式、配置类型及指标等紧凑化的社区养老空间新策略；探究空间模式实现的房产、资金、管理等配套政策及激励机制；制定适于不同类型老旧社区实情的“模块化”规划设计导则；探索能根本解决城市老旧社区养老难题、为促进养老产业发展提供支撑，且给予新社区养老空间规划提供参考，具有中国特色的社区养老建设模式。

紧密结合课题研究的养老“综合区”建构模式和需求，本研究运用环境行为学、社会学、统计学等多学科交叉的理论与方法，采取词频统计、社会调查、环境观察等实证研究路线。深入开展四个方面的调研内容①国家各部委以及浙江省颁发的 161 篇老龄工作文 件进行语义本体的术语项词频解读和统计，掌握政策动向；②国家和地方与居住区及养老设施配置标准相关的内容，掌握配置要求；③社区环境与老年设施现状布局调查、使用状况评价，结合使用频率、使用满意度开展设施使用后评价；④进一步将社区的现有养老设施和社区其他设施统一视为存量空间合并调研。在上述研究的基础上选取典型社区初步理论结合实际建构了“社区养老综合区”的空间模——包括设施布局的原则、设施选址、服务半径和设施配置类型、室内外空间的布局改造等方面。“社区养老综合区”的空间模式的建构区别于目前的设施建设方式，能充分利用土地资源和社会资源，达到有效开发，节约建造成本,有效指导社区的设施建设方向并提高其使用效率及管理成本。考虑到社区的差异性，课题进一步研究因建设年代和时代（计划经济、市场经济）不同，社区人口、规模、空间条件、设施现状的差异性，将老旧社区区分为街道和居委会两个层面并依据社区建设年代区分社区类型，探索多种适应不同社区实情的养老综合区模式，在此基础上制定了社区养老综合区建设导则，使得“养老综合区”的具有普遍意义的适应性。本研究提出存量整合理念和建构综合区的方法适用于城市老旧社区养老问题的根本解决，系统研究综合区“空间模式、制度设计和设计导则”一整套方案对快速、经济高效地解决其养老问题具有重要实践指导意义；探索老旧社区养老综合区建构的实证、建设示范对破解其老难题具有实践推动效应，政策环境设计对促进养老产业发展和城市新建社区养老住宅、设施布局具有借鉴意义。