人为噪音对大山雀和金翅雀鸣唱影响的比较研究

Urbanization concerns all environmental changes associated with urban development and is a global phenomenon affecting animals, including humans and birds , as well as plants. One of the prominent novel urban conditions is the ambient anthropogenic noise such as traffic noise, cacophony produced by all sorts of machinery, which imposes a negative impact on songs trasmission of birds. Great tits (Parus major) and oriental greenfinches (Carduelis sinica)are successful urban residents and their habitats overlap. How do they broadcast their songs in anthropogenic noise? what kind of impacts does the anthropogenic noise put on the songs in two bird species respectively? Here we will analyze the long-term effects of noise on bird songs by comparing song characteristics of two species habitating in forests and urban. secondly, we will reveal the short-term effects of anthropogenic noise on bird song characteristics by study the diurnal dynamics of songs in two bird species. finally, we playback the anthropogenic noises to great tits and oriental greenfinches habitating in forests to investigate the immediately singing responses and evaluate song plasticity in two species. we expect the adaptive mechanism of bird song broadcast in anthropogenic noise will be revealed with our efforts, and so we can offer fundamental work in further study on the effects of human acivity on annimal behaviour differentiation.

城镇化的推进改变了人类和其他动植物的生存环境，城市中高强度的人为噪音给以鸣声作为重要通讯方式的鸟类的信号传播带来了新的挑战。大山雀（Parus major）和金翅雀（Carduelis sinica）是两种成功在城市定居的鸟类，它们的栖息地重叠。本项目拟通过对不同噪音强度下的城市和安静林区中两种鸟类鸣唱特征加以比较，研究噪音对它们鸣唱行为的长期影响；通过分析城市和林区鸣声特征的日变化节律，探讨噪音对鸣唱行为的短期影响；在安静林区播放人为噪音，揭示两种鸟类对噪音的瞬时反应，评价两种鸟类的鸣声可塑性水平。通过本项目的研究，探讨不同鸟类在人为噪音环境下的声音传播适应机制，为研究人为噪音乃至人类活动对鸟类鸣声行为的分化和物种分化提供前期工作。

城镇化改变了鸟类的生存环境，最为显著的改变之一是人为噪音水平的升高，人为噪音水平的升高影响到鸟类重要通讯方式——鸣声的顺利传播。对于在城市成功定居的鸟类来说，它们如何调整自己的鸣声特征以应对这一环境变化以实现鸣声的顺利传播？针对这一问题，项目主要研究两种在西宁市成功定居的鸟类大山雀和金翅雀在不同噪音水平下的鸣声特征变化。采用Marantz PMD 670录音机和Sennheiser ME66 指向话筒录制不同噪音水平地点的两种鸟类的鸣唱，运行Avisoft SASLab Pro声谱分析软件测定两种鸟类的鸣声参数，分析噪音水平与各种鸣声特征参数的相关性，及不同噪音水平地点间同种鸟类的各鸣唱参数的差异。得到以下研究结果：（1）大山雀主峰频率与噪音水平呈现显著的低度相关性（Spearman coefficient 0.274, P < 0.05）；（2）金翅雀鸣唱随着噪音水平的升高，主峰频率下降，但相关性不显著（Spearman coefficient -0.218 P > 0.05）；（3）噪音环境对大山雀和金翅雀的鸣唱特征产生了长期的影响，高噪音环境中的大山雀具有显著的高主峰频率，而高噪音区的金翅雀的主峰频率（ P < 0.05）和buzz音节的峰频率（ P < 0.01）则显著低于安静地区；（4）不同时段大山雀鸣唱特征没有呈现出明显的频率和长度变化。本项目的研究结果对了解鸣声行为的研究及其环境和鸟类学习能力在其中扮演的作用具有重要意义。