纳微米HMX/TATB超结构的可控合成及其性能研究

Micro/nano-superstructured energetic complexes, which have much higher burning rate, lower sensitivity and potential application in microdevice compared with conventional energetic materials, can play an important role in improving safety of storage and use, and performance of weapon. Up to now, there are only a few reports on the preparation of complexes with two energetic components, and no researches about synthesis methods to acquire micro/nano-superstructured energetic complexes has been published. Accordingly, in this work, solution self-assembly approach, vapor deposition method and coaxial electrospinning technique will be developed to fabricate low-dimensional micro/nano-superstructures of HMX/TATB, such as core-shell, cable, sandwich, array and heterojunction micro/nanostructures, etc.. Host-guest molecules and interface physical/chemical action will be systemically investigated. Moreover, a series of effective approaches and correlative growth mechanisms of these micro/nano-superstructures will be established. These facile synthesis techniques will give enlightenment for the design and fabrication of energetic complexes with a novel micro/nanostructure. In addition, we will characterize a series of properties of these structures, and establish the regular relationship between micro/nano-superstructures and performance. The research results are of great significance for reducing sensitivity of high-energy-density explosives and promoting the application.

纳微米超结构的双组分含能材料兼有含能材料、纳米材料及复合材料的三重特性，在能量释放速率、燃烧爆炸（能量转化）效率、低敏感性和微型器件等方面具有潜在的优势，对于改善含能材料的使用安全性和现代武器的作战性能具有重要意义。目前，国内外有关双分组含能材料的制备研究尚处于起步阶段，纳微米超结构含能复合物的合成方法学研究更是鲜有报道。本项目拟以HMX和TATB为研究对象，采用液相自组装、气相沉积和同轴静电纺丝技术可控合成纳微米HMX/TATB低维超结构（如核壳、电缆、夹心、阵列和异质结等），研究主客体分子和界面物理/化学行为，建立HMX/TATB纳微超结构的调控方法并提出形成机制，开辟可控合成纳微米含能复合物超结构的普适性新途径。此外，测试HMX/TATB纳微超结构的理化、安全和爆轰性能，探明HMX/TATB纳微米超结构与性能间的构效关系，为解决能量与安全性间的矛盾以及实际应用提供科学依据和技术支撑。

首先，利用超声环境或喷雾干燥过程创造的限域空间，研究了液相自组装方法生长各种超结构和尺度的HMX为基的双组分含能材料复合物的控制制备方法学。例如，利用超声条件制备了HMX@TATB核壳结构，性能得到了极大的改善；借助限域空间作用，显著提高了壳层材料TATB的利用率，同时也制备了不同结构的HMX@含能离子盐；探讨了主客体作用行为和超结构形成机理，为某些含能材料复合物超结构的控制制备提供了普适性的液相法途径。第二，借助溶剂驱除方法制备了核壳型HMX/TATB微米颗粒、含能化合物与介孔分子筛、含能化合物与聚合物之间的主客体复合物等，研究了含能物质与客体分子间的界面物理化学作用，获得了实验室小批量控制制备超结构复合物的有效途径。第三，采用静电组装技术获得了单组分含能材料微米结构，研究炸药的综合性能，并将此技术成功地应用于HMX为基的二元含能化合物的控制组装。第四，利用物理气相沉积法，制备了拥有致密程度的PETN薄膜。上述研究不单为双组分含能复合物超结构的制备提供思路和途径，也能够加深对这些复合物的构效关系的理解和认识。