现存苏州私家园林叠山的三维数字化信息研究

Rockeries in Suzhou private gardens represent the apex of rockery art and skill for Chinese garden, and are very difficult to digitize, build, copy and study. Due to traditional methods, inaccurate or incomplete data acquired, and perceptual and subjective analysis in previous studies, their research development, reference and promotion are limited. Taking about 10 existing Suzhou private gardens that represent the highest rock piling level of Suzhou gardens as research samples, this study intends to use the digital surveying methods of laser scanning and close-range photogrammetry to obtain 3d data from the air and ground, and modelled complete and detailed models. Secondly, on the base of surveying and mapping data, this study intends to make systematic, accurate and detailed analysis from the parts of structure, piled method and process, and texturing, and establish semantic models. Then, this research intends to make 3D reality-based models of the rockeries in the sample gardens decomposed and reconstructed according to the analytical results. At last but not least, using 3D information technologies, such as 3D GIS and BIM, this study will build information models and system based on semantic data, and make secondary development of the software used to establish personalized platform to make data and information of rockeries systematically, accurately and visually managed, displayed, queried and analyzed. This study could provide a new train of thought for the research of heritage protection and garden-making technology of rockeries in Suzhou private gardens, help to break through the bottleneck of rockery research, and is of great theoretical significance and application value for the study of rockery in Chinese classical gardens.

苏州私家园林叠山技艺是中国造园中叠山技艺的顶峰，但其可数字化、可工法、可复制推广的营造技术总结难度很高，至今研究方法传统，多为分析判断和测绘图表述，多限于主观描述，所获数据不够准确和范式、完整，国际借鉴推广严重受限。本研究，以代表苏州园林叠山技艺最高水平的十多座现存园林叠山为样本，首先利用激光扫描和近景摄影测量等技术，融合数字化测绘方法，从空中和地面多角度获取三维数据，建立完整、精细的实景模型；再从组织结构、堆叠方法和工序、皴法等方面，全面准确地破解叠山，并依据破解结果，建立语义模型，拆解和二次处理叠山模型，形成各部件模型；最后利用3DGIS、BIM等三维信息技术，构建基于语义数据的叠山信息模型和系统，并进行二次开发搭建叠山数据信息平台，实现叠山数据信息的系统、准确、直观地管理、展示、查询和分析。本研究较传统叠山研究，突破了所获数据不够准确和范式、完整的瓶颈，具有重要的科学和应用价值。

苏州私家园林叠山技艺是中国造园中叠山技艺的顶峰，但其复制推广的难度很高，且至今研究方法传统，多为主观描述分析和手工测绘，所获数据不够准确完整，技法的国际借鉴和推广严重受限。本项目利用现代先进的三维数字化测绘和信息管理技术，对苏州私家园林叠山开展保护与管理工作，具有重要的理论和应用价值。本项目以拙政园、环秀山庄和瞻园等十余座代表江南私家园林叠山技艺最高水平的现存园林叠山样本为研究对象，首先根据各样本的具体特点，选用无人机摄影测量、地面摄影测量、地面和手持式三维激光扫描等测量技术，研究和制定适合的三维数字化测绘方法与方案流程，从空中和地面多角度获取三维数字化点云数据模型，利用多源数据融合技术，获取各私家园林的叠山、植物和建筑等要素的三维数字化点云数据模型，构建了完整、精细的假山三维实景模型。然后利用所获得的三维数字化数据模型，针对叠山的堆叠方法与工序、轮廓与皴法、结构与构建、审美评价几个方面进行解析工作，剖析五种叠山技法与五个叠山部件的分层结构、堆叠顺序等堆叠工法信息，完成了拙政园、网师园与留园等八座代表性园林叠山皴法的识别和解析，及环秀山庄和何园假山各部件的拆解及结构与构建解析。最后，基于测绘和解析的结果，拆解与二次处理叠山三维数据模型，并利用3DGIS、BIM等三维信息技术，构建基于语义模型的叠山信息模型和苏州私家园林叠山三维信息系统和平台，实现对叠山数据信息系统、准确、直观地管理、展示、查询和分析。本项目整体提出了一套完整的将三维数字化信息技术应用于苏州私家园林叠山测绘、解析和信息管理的理念和方案，突破了古典园林研究在方法上的瓶颈，证明了三维数字化信息技术应用于古典园林文化遗产领域的可行性和必要性，推动了古典园林文化遗产的保护和传承步入三维数字化信息时代。