金属矿山粉尘理化特性与采场爆破控尘机理研究

The dust damage is serious in metal mining, and the blasting operation is the main source of dust production. This project plans to establish the phsical and chemical database of typical metal dust and to the associated matrix beween dust characteristics and wetting by collection and measurement of foundermental parameters of typical metal dust samples which including gold and silver and copper and iron mine, such as chemical elements, micro morphology, electric potential, functional groups, etc.,in order to explore the new physical and chemical dust controlment of metal mine. By using theoretical and laboratory research, numerical simulation and field test,the wetting dynamic equation of typical metal dust was established, and the dust and smoke removing mechanism of multi-component water stemming was obtained, and annexing agent formula and its production process were improved,and multi-component water stemming with the function of reducing the concentration of dust and harmful smoke are produced. Dust removal mechanism of dry fog for metal mine and its parameters were studied. The dry fog de-dust machine with Small size, low cost, easy to move, suitable for the section of stope roadway was manufactured.Based on no body can getting closing to the metal stope within one hour when blasting, so planning to use the dust and smoke on-line sensors to construct the automatic measuring system which can comprehensively evaluate the dust and smoke removing effect of the multi-component water stemming and dry fog de-dust machine. Through those findings,we can provide technical support and means for effectively reducing the dust hazard of metal mine face.

金属矿山采场粉尘危害严重，爆破作业过程是其最主要的产尘源。本项目拟通过采集与测定金、银、铜、铁等典型金属矿山尘样的基础参数，如化学元素、微观形态结构、电位、官能团等，建立典型金属矿山粉尘理化特性数据库，构建理化特性与粉尘润湿特性之间的关联矩阵，探寻提高金属矿尘控制效果的物理化学降尘新途径；通过理论研究、数值模拟、实验室与现场试验等手段，建立典型金属矿尘润湿动力学方程，探究多组份水炮泥降尘除烟机理、添加剂配方及其制作工艺，研发具有降低粉尘浓度和炮烟有毒有害气体等功能的多组份高效水炮泥；研究金属矿尘干雾除尘机理及其参数，研究体积小、成本低、移动方便、适用于采场巷道断面的干雾除尘装置；鉴于金属矿爆破后1h内无法进人采样的现状，拟采用尘、烟在线传感器等构建地下采场尘、烟自动测定系统，综合评价多组份水炮泥与干雾除尘装置降尘除烟效果，为有效降低金属矿山采场爆破粉尘危害，提供技术支撑和手段。

据不完全统计，金属矿山中有65％-75％的粉尘都是来自于地下采场，工作人员集中，设备多而复杂，是粉尘控制的热点区域。基于此，本课题提炼出粉尘润湿性的主要影响因素，粉尘物相组成是界定其亲疏水性的主要指标。金属矿山爆破粉尘的组成物相基本均为亲水物质，直接导致了矿尘的润湿特性表现为亲水性，使得固—液接触角 小于90o；对于亲水性粉尘，颗粒粒径及表面孔结构是影响粉尘润湿性强弱的重要指标。应用多组份水炮泥可有效从源头减少粉尘产生量；在1.0h内粉尘浓度值降到安全规程规定最高允许浓度，通风排尘时间减小，可降低通风成本，提高工作面效率；与普通水炮泥相比，多组份水炮泥全尘降尘率提高了90%以上，呼尘降尘率提高了80%以上。爆破落矿前，风流未经云雾除尘装置净化前，全尘、呼吸尘浓度分别为44.00mg/m3、25.01mg/m3，经云雾除尘装置净化后，全尘、呼吸尘的浓度降为1.24mg/m3、1.20mg/m3，降尘效率分别为97.18%、95.20%；爆破后，应用云雾除尘装置，全尘、呼吸尘的降尘效率分别为96.89%、96.04%本项目研究成果为采场爆破除尘、等一批具有自主知识产权的创新性成果，推动金属矿山粉尘防治技术发展。