中国历史文化名村名镇景观的个性化保护与GIS管理

"Chinese famous historical villages and towns" belonging to the traditional settlement landscape protection objects in national level. Owing to the rapid development of urbanization, much historical villages and towns' landscape have been destroyed rapidly. Their spatial structure, environmental scale, traffic capacity, and population load have become increasingly unable to meet the requirements of modern life, which inevitably lead to the destruction of the landscape, gene lost and loss of cultural heritage for "Chinese famous historical villages and towns". So there are great theoretical values and practical significances in studying on "individual protection of landscape of Chinese famous historical villages and towns". Depth discussing their floristic characteristics, landscape features, cultural genes and the protection methods and technology, using modern scientific methods (such as GIS, 3D landscape virtual technology, etc.) to do targeted protection and management for historical and cultural rural landscape, Correctly handling the contradictions between protection and development, preservation and use, basic protection and individual protection, are the major issues on solving problems in historical villages and towns' historical and cultural heritage protection, inheritance and innovation. This will do contribute to deep research on settlement geography' settlement space and landscape pattern studying, and do contribute to deep research on cultural geography' culture landscape formation, morphology and its inheritance and innovation mechanism researching, also do great help for settlement morphology' studying on settlement structure and evolution mechanism, which at last do contribute to the effective protection for "Chinese famous historical villages and towns" and all kinds of ancient rural landscape. Previous relative researches stressed the concepts of authenticity protection，repair protection and etc. In this project, we put forward the concept of "individual protection", which emphasize the protection of local and unique personalized elements, and especially emphasize rural landscape' intrinsic gene element protection, this is different from the previous emphasis on the historical and cultural heritage protection of the surface elements. In this project, the concept of "landscape" has improved from "cultural landscape" theory on geography, which stresses more on the research in inner gene and logic relation for cultural landscape formation. The main contents of historical villages and towns' individual protection are as following, establishing the concept of individual protection, formulating the index system of individual protection, researching on technical standards of individual protection, and constructing the management information system based on GIS technology. This will do contribute to the scientific and standardization of historical villages and towns' conservation and management.

"中国历史文化名村名镇"属于国家层面的传统聚落景观保护对象。快速城市化背景下的历史文化聚落景观的有效保护迫在眉睫。以往关于历史文化村镇的保护强调"原真性保护"、"修复性保护"等概念，本项目提出的"个性化保护"的概念，强调历史文化村镇的地方性和独特性视角的个性化元素的保护，特别是强调村镇景观的内在"基因"元素的保护，而不是以往强调的历史文化村镇的表面性文物要素的保护。这里的"景观"对地理学长期以来的"文化景观"理论有所提升，更加强调文化景观形成中的"内在基因"和逻辑关联的研究。历史文化村镇的个性化保护内容主要是：个性化保护概念的确立、个性化保护指标体系的拟定、个性化保护的技术标准的建立、GIS支持下的管理信息系统的建设。引入GIS技术开展"中国历史文化名村名镇"景观的保护与管理，有助于历史文化村镇景观保护与管理的科学化和规范化，提高管理效益；也有助于遗产展示和文化传承，提供保护的另一条途径。

中国历史文化名村名镇的保护贵在个性化保护。中国的疆域面积广大，区域文化景观多样性明显，从聚落文化景观基因的角度，深入挖掘不同区域聚落文化景观的内在要素和标志性符号，采用GIS等技术手段进行科学管理，为历史文化村镇保护、传统村镇景观改造、新型城镇化建设、文化脉络传承，提供了科学的范式和指导。.在深入分析全国历史文化村镇保护问题的基础上，找到了问题的症结是缺乏个性化保护，而缺乏个性化保护的根本问题是缺乏对聚落景观内在特征的把握。.本课题从聚落“文化景观基因”入手，以全国多个地域的历史文化村镇为例，深入探讨了“文化景观基因”挖掘、识别、提取和应用的基本原理和方法，从二维、三维及多维的角度建构了聚落景观基因识别的基本结构模式，并以此为基础，开展了聚落景观基因组图谱研究，为传统村镇景观分析、基因传承、风貌保护和景观建设，提供了有益的参考。.本课题重点研究了聚落“文化景观基因”的识别和提取方法，聚落文化景观基因在不同地域的不同表达，聚落文化景观基因组图谱的建构方法，聚落文化景观基因的个性化保护，聚落文化景观基因的GIS技术管理，聚落文化景观基因在特色小镇建设中的应用，聚落文化景观基因在新型城镇化建设中“留住乡愁”的理论与实践，“诗意栖居”理念对现代人居环境建设的启示，“景观信息链”理论及其在文化旅游地规划中的应用等等问题。特别是采用景观基因理论对全国聚落景观进行了初步区划，是对人文地理学综合区划工作的有益尝试。.采用景观基因原理提出了文化旅游地规划的“景观信息链”理论，为文化旅游地的科学精准规划提供了思路和方法。采用景观基因理论开展城市形态分析，归纳出简洁有效的“胞-链-形”分析方法。采用景观基因理论开展的“湖湘风情旅游小镇”系列规划，真正实现了“一镇一品”的特色目标，为国家正在开展的“特色小镇”建设提供了理论和方法的指导。