治理结构视角下乡村公共产品供给和规划策略研究

Against the state-level policy of rural revitalization, the development of the countryside in China has increasingly attracted public attention. As a public policy kit, rural planning played a significant role in distributing all types of resources, as well as regulating land use in the countryside. However, the process also exposed the lack of methodology for rural planning. Bringing rural governance research into the whole process of planning formulation, implementation and management, this proposal is dedicated to copy with the practical problems for sustainable rural development. Ultimately, the optimization of the rural planning method can be achieved. Combining quantitative and qualitative methods together, this research will shed light on the spatial pattern of variegated governance structures of rural China and figure out their mechanisms through typical village investigations. More precisely, in the study of regional divergence, the types of rural governance structure will be gauged and corresponding spatial pattern can be delimited through principal component and clustering analysis. In the study of micro-level mechanism, typical villages representing different types of governance structure will be selected to distinguish different interactive models of stakeholders amidst the public goods provision process. All in all, the research is designated to provide a method for spatial planning, which involves planner intervention during formulation process, investment for implementation and strategies for sustainable rural management. What is more, a further theoretical understanding of rural space can also be enhanced for planning discipline in China.

国家乡村振兴战略背景下，乡村规划作为引导各类资源的布局、规范乡村空间使用的统筹技术安排，发挥了重要的作用，但同时也暴露出了认识和方法层面的准备不足。本项目致力于将乡村治理研究融入到规划工作当中来，抓住公共产品可持续供给这一核心问题，力求从治理结构视角剖析乡村地域的差异格局与村庄微观运行机制，提供面向乡村实际和全面振兴的规划策略。研究采用从整体格局到个案机制的技术路线，定量定性分析结合。整体地域差异研究采用主成分和聚类分析方法，确定基于经济-社会双维度的乡村治理结构类型，划定空间格局。村庄个案机制研究选取三个治理结构类型的典型村庄，从公共产品的供给、需求和使用三方面，归纳乡村主体间博弈互动的模型，寻找乡村规划在特定治理基础上的有效结合点。研究最后从空间规划的角度，力求能够提供一套涉及编制过程中的介入参与、方案投资实施以及编制后的可持续乡村管理的规划反思与策略。

国家乡村振兴战略背景下，乡村规划作为引导各类资源的布局、规范乡村空间使用的统筹技术安排，发挥了重要的作用，但同时也暴露出了认识和方法层面的准备不足。本项目致力于将乡村治理研究融入到规划工作当中来，抓住公共产品可持续供给这一核心问题，力求从治理结构视角剖析乡村地域的差异格局与村庄微观运行机制，提供面向乡村实际和全面振兴的规划策略。研究发现，不同地域的村庄治理结构基础决定着乡村公共产品的供给形式。治理结构视角下的乡村规划，面临着“中国乡村治理的空间结构”的科学基础。即在经济治理中，按照乡村经济的分化程度乡村地域可以划分为高度分化、中度分化、低度分化。社会治理中，按照政府与基层的协同程度可以分为离散、二元和协同乡村。案例研究可以进一步观察到，受到大都市消费的强烈驱动，大量文旅项目的投入以及以互联网流量驱动等外部力量的介入，引发了村庄内部公共产品供需机制的失调。中国大都市近郊乡村的可持续发展振兴之路，必然会从当前轰轰烈烈的物质环境建设的1.0版本转向强调运营维护的2.0时代。乡村建设时代，大量政府财政资金的投入使得乡村建设的固定资产投资已经渐趋饱和，边际收益开始递减；乡村运营时代，最重要的是将先前政府投资建设的固定资产转换为现金流收益，以促成乡村振兴中城郊融合型乡村“商业模式”的形成。当前的实践中，亟需在相应的村庄治理层面，围绕着政府投入的“公有”与村庄共同体的“共有”，通过乡村规划的方式进行有效地衔接和平衡，从而真正实现治理有效、村容整洁、全面发展的乡村振兴。