玻恩学派崛起过程及其对于中国物理界之启迪研究

The Born school in the 20th century has been the extraordinary school in the history of physics. It originated the first theoretical system of quantum mechanics, made splendid contributions in atomic physics, dynamical theory of crystal lattices, relativity theory, and optics, such as statistical interpretation, Born approximation, etc. The school nourished several Nobel Laureates, including Werner Heisenberg, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Max Delbruck,and others. Besides, another group of eminent scientists in the school contributed themselves, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer(the father of atomic bomb in America), Pascual Jordan, Friedrich Hund, Alfred Lande, Victor Frederick Weisskopf, etc. Those who have benefited from the school are Edward Teller(the father of hydrogen bomb in America), Enrico Fermi, Eugene Wigner, Paul Dirac, and Nevill Mott. Thereby, how did the school take into form? What scientific contributions had been done in the Born school? In which way could those breakthroughs be conducted? How did the school deliver the knowledge and educate their pupils? What kind of instruction and guidance have those Chinese physicists, such as Peng Huan-wu, Huang Kun, Cheng Kai-jia, and Yang Li-ming, been endowed in the school, and what about their cooperation? These are what the project deals with. The focus of study also lies in the fundamental influence of Born in the 20th century and on the later scientific community. The innovation, scientific research and education in Born school could significantly enlighten Chinese physics. The core of the school is what we need to study and learn to utilize. What the project will research systematically and deeply are some important questions in the history of the physics and in the Chinese community for physics.

玻恩在量子力学、晶格动力学、相对论、光学等多领域都做出了卓越的贡献。玻恩培养出了多位诺贝尔科学奖获得者，如海森伯、迈耶夫人、德尔布吕克等；还培养出了没获得诺贝尔奖，但同样杰出的一批人才，如约当、洪德、朗德、韦斯科普夫、美国原子弹之父奥本海默等等，费米、魏格纳、狄拉克、莫特和美国氢弹之父泰勒等人也都曾在玻恩学派深造。这个伟大学派是怎么形成的？玻恩学派具体做出过哪些科学贡献？这些科学原创研究是怎样做出的？玻恩学派如何教书育人？玻恩还培养和影响过彭桓武、黄昆、程开甲、杨立铭等中国物理学家。玻恩如何指导他们？如何与他们合作？这些都是本项目要研究和解答的问题。本项目还将研究玻恩对于20世纪及当今科学界的深远影响。玻恩学派的创新精神、科研和育人方法等对于中国物理界有极好的启发意义，是值得我们现阶段学习和借鉴的。本项目是对物理学史界以及中国物理界存在的某些问题和现象有针对性的系统而深入的学术研究。

马克斯•玻恩是20世纪20-30年代初德国哥廷根物理学派创始人、领导者。量子力学的第一个理论体系——矩阵力学的缔造于哥廷根物理学派，但是长期以来，国内外主流表述中都将玻尔的哥本哈根学派视为建立量子力学的大本营。我们的研究基于大量可靠史料纠正了这段历史。玻恩怎样建立其哥廷根物理学派，玻恩如何运作其学派以及由此形成的学风有什么特点，玻恩如何指导、培育物理人才，玻恩如何选择科研课题，玻恩如何与人（如黄昆、沃尔夫等）合作，玻恩培育过哪些杰出人才，玻恩与爱因斯坦、维纳、卡门、薛定谔、海森堡、泡利、汤川秀树等等世界一流科学家有什么特殊关系？作为一位优秀科学家，在资本主义环境下成长起来并生活与工作的玻恩对于社会主义制度是什么态度？玻恩及其学派取得重要成就所实施的方式方法，对我国物理界有何值得学习与借鉴之处？对于诸如此类的重要问题，本研究基于可靠史料一一给出了明确答案。通过比较研究我们得出了结论：良性的激烈竞争环境是科技发展最好的文化氛围。只有在这样的氛围下，一切努力、一切管理制度才有唯一的目标，即科学家必须做出一流的研究成果。而这一目标也是科研人员高下之分的唯一标尺。而重关系的社会风气不利于缔造良性的竞争环境。中国科技要引领世界潮流，仍然任重而道远。