突眼实蝇亚族的起源演化（双翅目：实蝇科）----基于形态、生物学及分子证据

The subtribe of Pelmatopina comprising Pelmatops and Pseudopelmatops, belongs to Adramini (Diptera: Tephritidae) and mainly restricted to the Oriental tropics and subtropics; most species are known to occur in southern China. It is separated from other tephritids easily by the unusual morphological character of eyes borne at the ends of stalks. This project will carry out expeditons of Pelmatopina in south of China and its adjacent countries. New recorded species, new male or female and new distribution will be found and reported. New host plant and biology information will be provided. The phylogenetic relationships on genera level of Pelmatopina and Adramina will be re-constructed based on morphology and molecular data. Except that, the origin and evolution of Pelmatopina under more broader backgroud (the stalk-eyed flies of Diptera), is also stuided based on morphology and molecular data. Finally, geography distribution pattern, natural evolve history and origin of Pelmatopina is deduced and discussed tentatively based on all evidences from morphology, biology, molecular, host-plant, geography and paleontology. The research results could not only provide comprehensive and new knowledge for future taxonomic study in Diptera and Tephritoidea worldwide, but also could beneficial to the study of phylogeny and zoogeography of Tephritidae on high-taxa level. It will accumulate convinced evidences on the origin of long eye stalk that held by Pelmatopina from morphology, morphology-functions and historical biogeography view, and also will possibly provide new evidence on the earth continental drift or the sea land change history from Tephritidae insight.

突眼实蝇（双翅目：实蝇科）是一类形态特殊的珍稀昆虫，头部具长眼柄，复眼位于眼柄的顶端；隶属于狭腹实蝇族Adramini突眼实蝇亚族Pelmatopina。本项目将开展其野外多样性调查和补点采集，记述新记录种、新性别及新分布，进行野外和笼养生物学观察实验，查明寄主植物及可能与透翅蛾间存在的生态或演化关系。在狭腹实蝇族背景下，依据形态和分子证据，重建其亚族属种间及狭腹实蝇亚族属级关系；在双翅目具眼柄蝇类演化背景下，探讨具眼柄蝇类是单一还是多个起源，以及趋异程度和分歧时间等。联系古生物和地学资料,揭示特定地质历史背景下该类群的形成演化特点和地理分布格局，以及可能的起源分化中心，阐明寄主植物及伴生昆虫可能对其起源演化的影响，并探讨在双翅目昆虫中可能具一定普遍意义和参考价值的共性演化模式。其结果可为双翅目分类和实蝇科区系、实蝇总科系统发育和动物地理研究，以及双翅目眼柄的起源演化等提供新的科学依据。

突眼实蝇 (双翅目: 实蝇科) 是一类形态特殊的珍稀昆虫，头部具长眼柄，复眼位于眼柄的顶端；隶属于狭腹实蝇族Adramini突眼实蝇亚族Pelmatopina。本项目对狭腹实蝇族及突眼实蝇亚族昆虫进行了系统的野外调查和补点采集，发现狭腹实蝇族5新种、3新组合种及2新属，以及若干重要新记录种和大量新地理分布。进行了突眼实蝇亚族野外和室内生物学观察，查明其寄主植物主要为悬钩子属中的盾叶莓Rubus peltatus和川莓R. setchuenensis等三种；基于窄带拟突眼实蝇Pseudopelmatops angustifasciatus和宽带拟突眼实蝇Ps. Continentalis的交配现象，以及缺鬃突眼实蝇Pelmatops ichneumoneus和汤亮突眼实蝇Pe. Tangliangi的交配现象，结合分子生物学证据，发现2个重要新异名(Pe. tangliangi Chen, syn. Nov.及 Ps. continentalis Zia & Chen, syn. Nov)，从而揭示出突眼实蝇亚族存在同种雄性多态现象，结束了重要物种长期界限不清、相互混淆的乱象。基于形态、分子、行为学、寄主植物及生物地理等全链条证据，重建了狭腹实蝇族属级系统发育关系，发现主要分为两支，分别是狭腹实蝇类分支Adrama clade (Group I)和突眼实蝇类分支Pelmatops clade (Group II)，各对应不同的演化模式，分别为 “木本(灌木)-果实(种子)-主动防御”型及“藤本(草本)-茎内-被动防御(拟态)”型；确认突眼实蝇亚族起源于东洋区，为高级进化类群，其物种形成及演化与悬钩子属植物密切相关。基于突眼实蝇亚族头部比较转录组数据，初步探讨了眼柄发生的内在分子机制。本项目所揭示的“寄主植物+防御策略”的物种形成和种化模式，很可能在植食性昆虫中具有普遍意义。