南矶湿地碟形湖典型生态系统服务利用调控机制

The scientific problem, the regulatory approaches of the typical ecosystem services utilization, has attracted much attention in recent years, but, so far, there are still inconsistent conclusions. So, taking saucer lakes in Najishan wetland as an example, we will analyze the regulatory mechanism of the two typical ecosystem services utilization, such as supplying fishery resource and providing habitats of migratory birds. Based on the long-term observation of hydrology, water environment and water ecology data and social economy statistical data in Nanjishan wetland as the typical wetland in poyang lake region, employing multi-temporal and high-resolution remote sensing images(Landsat TM and Spot) by different water level since 1995, analysis of saucer lake’s landscape pattern and space-time characteristics of ecological function in Najishan wetland, we will explore the mechanism of the effect of saucer lake water level changes on habitats of migratory birds. Then, we will real-time monitor and analyze the communities distribution, such as aquatic plant, aquatic animal and the migratory birds, under the variation gradient of water level in saucer lake, assess the dynamic change characteristics of the migratory birds habitat ecological suitability, investigate and analyze the quantity of fishing capture and its economic value in the different decline ways of saucer lake level. Based on those results above, we will analyze the relationship of fishing catch and the habitat areas or the community quantity of the migratory birds, build the Dynamic coupling model of the relationship between the changes of two typical ecoststem services, explores the optimization regulation mechanism of fishery resources utilization, and establish the ecological management mechanism and management framework of and habitat protection in Nanjishan wetland, so as to provide a scientific basis for the study of the utilization and management of wetland ecosystem services.

“生态系统服务利用调控机制”这一科学问题多年来备受关注，但迄今没有形成一致的认识。以南矶湿地碟形湖为研究对象，利用不同水位下多时相高分辨率遥感影像，分析该湿地碟形湖景观格局、生态功能的时空演变特征；以定点多期对渔业捕捞全过程中的捕捞量、水位变化调查监测，并采用样带法实时监测碟形湖水位变化梯度下底栖动物群落、水生植物、水陆过渡带植物群落变化特征以及采用样线/样点结合法调查越冬候鸟行为及分布特征，探明渔业捕捞全过程碟形湖水位变化规律及其对湿地生态系统、越冬候鸟种群及群落结构的影响，评估分析候鸟栖息地生态适宜性的动态变化特征，探讨越冬候鸟对水位变化的响应机制，进而利用系统动力学的方法，以水位变化为纽带，以渔业捕捞费用效益和候鸟栖息地适宜性为目标向量，构建渔业捕捞、候鸟栖息地这两类典型湿地生态系统服务变化的动态耦合模型，并探讨其优化调控机理，为湿地生态系统服务利用和管理研究提供新的思路和方法。

湿地具有重要的生态系统服务，既为区域提供生态安全保障，也为区域提供生产生活条件。南矶山湿地碟形湖具有提供渔业资源和候鸟栖息地这两类典型的生态系统服务。如何开展合理有序的碟形湖渔业捕捞活动，达到既合理利用渔业资源，同时保护候鸟栖息地，实现南矶山湿地碟形湖这两类典型生态系统服务的可持续利用，是湿地资源利用和保护领域和湿地生态系统服务研究领域以及湿地型自然保护地管理的焦点问题。.本项目通过对南矶山湿地部分碟形湖放水闸设置及渔业捕捞放水过程的基础数据调查，借助鄱阳湖地形测量数据，构建南矶山湿地碟形湖渔业捕捞时间、水位与洲滩出露面积的关系模型，分析碟形湖放水过程对候鸟栖息地面积的影响；通过调查碟形湖出露洲滩高程梯度下候鸟食物动态分布（植食性候鸟对应的植物类食物，肉食性候鸟对应的底栖动物类食物），分析碟形湖放水过程对候鸟栖息地食物资源的影响；通过对当地居民的入户调查，分析南矶山湿地社区居民生产生活与渔业资源利用和候鸟保护的关系；通过分析南矶湿地生态资产构成并建立南矶湿地生态资产核算指标体系，核算了南矶湿地各类生态资产价值，以RSEI指数及生态资产指数评估南矶湿地生态资产质量，并基于对生态资产质量与生境质量评估结果对南矶湿地进行功能区划。.研究结果表明，合理调控“堑秋湖”模式的渔业捕捞活动，有计划地开展碟形湖在冬春季节的放水和逐步降低水位，既可以较好地利用碟形湖的渔业资源，同时可以为候鸟提供合理的栖息地规模和相应的食物资源从而显著保护候鸟栖息地；当地居民的生产生活对碟形湖渔业资源具有明显的依赖性，需要逐步引导南矶湿地社区的产业转型；南矶湿地的生态服务功能主要是调节服务，但提供渔业资源及候鸟栖息地这两类服务的社会关注度最高；南矶湿地生态资产空间分异明显，生态资产指数越高的区域生境质量也越好，同时极重要区的土地利用类型基本为碟形湖水体，因此对于南矶湿地中的碟形湖应当进行重点保护。