得失情境下自我-他人决策差异的认知神经机制研究

The self–other discrepancies in decision making gradually become one of the hot issues in the field of decision. However, the existing research mainly focuses on the investigation at behavior level, and there is few to investigate the underlying neural mechanisms. Although few studies have been carried out to explore the cognitive neural mechanisms underlying such discrepancies recently, those mainly focus on the self–other decision-making discrepancies in gain situations, and less in loss situations. While the Prospect Theory proposed by Kahneman and Tversky believed that individuals have distinct selection preferences in gain and loss situations. Therefore, the self–other decision-making discrepancies in loss situations should be further studied urgently. In this project, we divide decision making for others into giving advice for others and making decisions for others to investigate the cognitive neural mechanisms underlying self–other discrepancies in decision making in gain and loss situations during risky and intertemporal choices by using computational model fitting, event-related potentials and brain imaging techniques. It not only contributes to clarify the controversial results in the existing behavioral research, forming the powerful integrated theoretical model, but also to intensify the understanding of the regular pattern of the interactive function between human economic decision-making and advanced social decision-making, and thus providing the scientific evidence for optimizing individual judgment and decision making.

自我-他人决策差异逐渐成为决策领域关注的热点问题之一。然而，现有研究主要集中在行为层面的探索，而关于其潜在的神经机制所知甚少。近期虽有少量研究开始探索该差异产生的认知神经机制，但这些研究主要聚焦于获益情境，少有触及损失情境下的自我-他人决策差异，而Kahneman和Tversky的前景理论认为获益和损失情境下个体具有截然不同的选择偏好。因此，损失情境下的自我-他人决策差异问题亟待进一步研究。本项目把他人决策细分为向他人建议和为他人决策，采用计算模型拟合、事件相关电位及脑成像技术系统考察风险和跨期决策中得失情境下自我-他人决策差异的认知神经机制。这不仅有助于澄清现有行为研究所存在的诸多相悖的结果，形成解释力较强的整合理论模型；而且有助于深化对人类经济决策与高级社会决策相互作用规律的认识，从而为优化个体的判断与决策提供科学依据。

自我-他人决策差异逐渐成为决策领域关注的热点问题之一。然而，现有研究主要聚焦于获益情境，少有触及损失情境下的自我-他人决策差异，而Kahneman和Tversky的前景理论认为获益和损失情境下个体具有截然不同的选择偏好。因此，损失情境下的自我-他人决策差异问题亟待进一步研究。本项目研究采用计算模型拟合、眼动追踪等技术主要考察了风险和跨期决策中得失情境下自我-他人决策差异的心理与认知机制。. 研究结果发现，风险决策中个体为自我决策比为他人决策具有更高的概率敏感性，因而在获益情境下表现出更加风险规避，损失情境下表现出更加风险寻求；然而，个体为他人决策比为自我决策具有更高的价值敏感性，因而在获益情境下表现出更加风险寻求，损失情境下表现出更加风险规避。眼动追踪技术发现，为自我决策时获益情境下个体更多注视安全选项，损失情境下更多注视风险选项；而为他人决策时并未出现注视模式的差异。漂移扩散模型（DDM）进一步揭示了风险决策中自我-他人决策差异主要源于注意可能放大了被注视选项的主观价值，即眼睛注视与选项价值之间存在交互效应。而且，经验决策中获益情境下个体为自我决策比为他人决策同样表现出更加风险规避，然而损失情境下则不存在自我-他人决策风险偏好差异。. 跨期决策中获益情境下不存在自我-他人选择偏好差异，而损失情境下个体为自我决策比为他人决策更偏好于选择即刻选项，即跨期决策中自我-他人决策差异存在得失不对称性。而且，高、低特质焦虑个体在获益和损失情境下表现出不同的自我-他人跨期选择偏好差异模式，自我控制水平可能是这一差异模式的潜在心理机制。. 本项目研究结果澄清了自我-他人决策差异领域现有研究所存在的诸多相悖的结果，有助于建构解释力较强的整合理论模型；深化了对人类经济决策与高级社会决策相互作用规律的认识，为优化个体的判断与决策提供了科学依据。