耐高温宽频纳米微球吸波剂构筑及其复合材料吸波性能研究

The development of stealth technology and weapon systems with stealth function has new demands on the radar absorbing materials. Therefore, the structure design of a lightweight absorber with multi-band absorbing performance and the broadband radar absorbing materials with both the load-bearing function and the high-temperature resistance remains a great scientific challenge.. This project proposes a preparation approach of microwave absorbing nanocomposites with controlled unique microscopic core-shell and hollow structures (sandwich-like hollow, watermelon-like, double-shell hollow). The density of the absorbing agent is reduced through hollowing. The absorbing ability of the components with electrical loss and magnetic loss functions, effectively compounded through a unique microscopic core-shell structure, is fully exerted. Meanwhile, the aim of being lightweight and possessing strong broadband absorption is achieved via the introduction of multiple reflection and electromagnetic coupling absorption mechanism. In light of this, the high-temperature resistant radar absorbing materials with load-bearing function can be prepared via surface modification and in situ polymerization, etc. with the high-strength, high-modulus, high-temperature resistant benzoxazole polymer (PBO) as the matrix. Furthermore, the formation mechanism of the unique microscopic structure is explored and the effects of composition and structure on the electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism are clarified. In addition, the relationship between microstructure and macroscopic electromagnetic parameters is established. This project provides a theoretical basis for the development of materials with integration of structural and microwave absorbing properties and valuable design information to promote their practical applications in the field of high-temperature broadband radar absorbing.

发展隐身技术并装备有隐身功能的武器系统对雷达吸波材料提出了新的要求，如何设计具有多频段吸波性能的轻质吸波剂结构，兼具承载功能和耐高温等适应复杂环境能力的宽频雷达吸波材料是亟待解决的关键科学问题。本项目提出可控制备具有微观核壳、空心结构（三明治型中空、西瓜型、双层中空）的纳米复合吸波剂。通过空心化，降低吸波剂的密度；通过微观核壳结构使具有电损耗和磁损耗功能的组分充分发挥吸波能力，引入多重反射及电磁耦合吸收机制，达到轻质高效宽频的目的。以高强高模的耐高温苯并唑类聚合物（PBO）为基体，通过表面改性及原位聚合等方式制备具有承载功能的耐高温雷达吸波材料。探究特殊微观结构的形成机理，明确组成和结构对电磁波的吸收机制，建立微观结构与宏观电磁参数之间的关联模型。本项目为发展结构和吸波性能一体化材料提出理论依据，为推动其在耐高温宽频雷达吸波领域的应用提供有价值的设计信息。

随着隐形技术的发展，对吸波材料的开发提出了更高的频段兼容和耐高温性能要求。本项目针对耐高温宽频吸波材料的开发需求，基于电磁波吸收原理设计一系列先进结构纳米吸波剂，建立了不同结构的纳米吸波剂与吸波材料体系并进行系统研究，揭示了吸波材料结构与性能的对应规律，并完成了耐高温一体化吸波材料的构筑与性能研究。研究内容主要包括中空结构纳米吸波微球设计与性能研究、复合核壳结构纳米吸波微球设计与性能研究、有序分级大孔吸波材料设计与性能研究和耐高温一体化吸波材料四个方面。在吸波剂设计方面，通过空腔设计和协同电磁组分调控，揭示了中空结构对于优化吸波剂阻抗匹配的显著效果，以及复合核壳结构对于电磁参数调控的积极影响；在材料构筑方面，通过有序大孔结构设计探索了复合材料的微观结构设计方法，揭示了多孔结构对于材料性能提升的重要作用，最后通过耐高温聚合物的引入赋予了复合材料优良的耐温性能，实现了一体化耐高温吸波材料的可控制备，同时明确了复合材料电磁参数与吸波性能的关系机制，完善了耐高温吸波材料的理论与方案设计，满足材料在特殊环境下的应用需求，为耐高温宽频雷达隐身材料的开发与应用提供了极具价值的方案设计与参考。.项目执行期间，在 J. Mater. Chem. A.、Composites Part A、Chemical Engineering Journal等期刊发表标注有本课题资助的论文16篇，被 SCI 他引 200余次。引用期刊包括 Chem. Rev.、Chem. Soc. Rev.等综述性期刊以Advanced Functional Materials、Adv. Sci.、Carbon、Nano Energy等专业期刊。申请国家发明专利10项，其中授权8项。四年指导毕业博士研究生3人，毕业硕士研究生3人。