面向重大自然灾害的多方联动实景制图技术应用模式研究

Crowdsource Mapping technology is a new type of information acquisition, processing and service technology, which is developed based on the modern technologies, such as Web2.0 and social networks and implemented by Volunteer and Technology Communities.With the advantages of real time information acquisition, multi-side synergy processing, content large covered and service provided in time, it has provided a new mapping technical solution for multi-side synergy and participation in providing technical support for major disaster emergency response. Crowdsource Mapping has become into one of the main information acquisition and service efforts for supporting national governments and international agencies to implement disaster relief work for almost all the major disasters occurred in recent years in the world. The operational mode, application opportunities and challenges, and the adaptation condition of the Crowdsource Mapping Technology will be studied in the proposed project based on several major disaster cases in recent years. The information acquisition and service capacity will be evaluated as well. The disaster information requirements will be analyzed based on different users in terms of governmental agencies, experts, insurance companies, social organizations and the public. The satisfied degree in regard of the information service for major disaster emergency support will be evaluated. Based on 4W(What Where When Who) conceptual model, a major disaster information classification system for emergency response support will be studied and established. The major disaster emergency information service framework based on Crowdsource Mapping technology of our country will be proposed, the organizational structure, tasks distribution, working mechanisms, operational workflow, information content, policies for guarantee will be proposed. The outcomes of the project will facilitate the effectively using of the social information resources and technology for enhancing the governmental disaster information management and service capacity for major disaster emergency response, as well as the decision making support for national disaster information service infrastructure construction in the national 12th planning stage.

多方联动实景制图技术是一种新型的信息服务技术，它是基于网络2.0等现代技术并由志愿者技术群体完成的一种新的制图手段，具有信息获取快、内容覆盖广、服务及时等特点，是各方协同作业、共同参与救灾工作的有效支撑技术。本项目面向我国重大自然灾害应急需求，结合重特大自然灾害案例，研究多方联动实景制图技术平台运行模式优缺点和适用条件，挖掘其信息获取与服务能力；研究政府、专家、保险公司、社会组织和社会团体等用户对灾害信息服务的重大需求，评价我国重大自然灾害应急信息服务满足度；拓展应用4W概念模型，研究建立重大自然灾害应急信息分类体系，构建我国重大自然灾害多方联动实景制图技术信息服务模式，确定框架结构、任务分工、业务流程、工作机制、信息分类和政策保障等内容。为我国灾害管理部门充分利用现有的社会信息资源和技术，提高重大灾害期间灾情信息获取与服务能力提供依据，也为我国"十二五"期间灾情信息基础设施建设提供支持。

重大自然灾害的发生往往给人类社会造成巨大生命和财产损失，且具有影响面广、破坏力强、灾情复杂、损失严重和救灾难度大等特点，及时准确全面获取灾害相关信息对于有效提高重大灾害的应急救援能力与决策水平具有重要意义。多方联动实景制图以web2.0和空间信息等现代技术和开放数据为基础，由志愿者技术群体协同制作，与传统卫星遥感制图相比，具有信息获取快、内容涉及面广和服务及时等特点，已经成为支持国际重大自然灾害应急救助的重要制图信息支撑手段之一。本项目成员与16位国际专家一道在分析应急制图流程和卫星资源发展现状的基础上对全球重大灾害卫星应急制图趋势进行研究；在此基础上以多方联动应急制图技术在2010年海地地震、2014年台风海燕、2015年尼泊尔地震和缅甸洪涝灾害的应用为案例，对制图模式、信息内容与应用特点进行分析；依托联合国灾害管理与应急反应天基信息平台北京年会组织专题交流会议，就多方联动实景制图技术在大灾中的应用需求与效果进行与评价；面向我国重大自然灾害应急需求,在对我国Web2.0技术、卫星等数据资源及2005-2015年大灾制图应用能力与趋势进行分析的基础上，结合2014年鲁甸地震实战应用案例和2015-2030仙台减轻灾害风险框架，研究提出我国利用多方联动应急制图技术的模式、流程、框架与机制建议。项目成果包括全球卫星应急制图趋势与我国重大灾害多方联动应急制图技术框架与服务模式；项目已发表文章3篇，接受待刊2篇，审稿中１篇。关键数据包括2005-2015年我国卫星资源、重大自然灾害和应急制图案例数据集及2010年海地地震、2014年鲁甸地震和2015年缅甸洪涝产品集各一套。研究结果对于充分了解全球重大灾害应急制图发展现状与趋势，充分引导和利用社交网络与社会资源发展我国重大灾害多方联动实景制图技术，补充完善已有的遥感制图服务体系，提升我国自然灾害应急信息服务能力具有重要意义。