褐马鸡季节扩散与多尺度生境选择及其空间格局动态研究

Brown eared pheasant（Crossoptilon mantchuricum）, endemic and rare birds in China, is listed as a high-priority nationally protected animal in China. It is the world's vulnerable birds and listed as endangered species in China, and the image of brown eared pheasant once has appeared on emblem of World Pheasant Association.The past research shows that a multi-scale analysis of habitat selection is more capable of deeply depicting the relationship between birds and the environment, climate change has an important impact on the suitable habitat of species, and the ranging area of brown eared pheasant is seasonal altitudinal movements. But these studies are lacking in depth. . The purpose of this project is ⑴ to analysis the relationship between seasonal movement of brown eared pheasant and vegetation index (NDVI), the temporal and spatial distribution of solar radiation, and other influence factors with multisource data. ⑵to explore the habitat selection of brown eared pheasant in multi-scale and determine which scale has the greatest impact on the pheasant’s habitat selection by using "3S" technology.⑶to explore the spatial distribution pattern of brown eared pheasant under different climate change scenarios in China based on all kinds of ecological niche models (Maxent, Garp,Bioclim,Domain and Enfa model ); ⑷ to assess the quality of the pheasant’s nesting habitat based on nest-site selection model in the newly built two nature reserves of Huanglong Mountains, Shaanxi Province.. On this basis,these above researches may help to make clear the relationship between habitat selection and scales, and key habitat factors in Huanglong Mountain, Shaanxi Province, grasp the seasonal migration of the pheasant and its driving factors, assess the suitable habitat of its nest site in the existing protected areas, and know dynamic change of spatial distribution format in China under different climate change scenarios and its main factors. At same time, these knowledge are able to provide scientific guidance for the construction of the pheasant reserve, and protection, management and restoration of habitat.

褐马鸡，我国特有珍稀鸟类，国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物，全球易危鸟类，我国濒危物种，世界雉类协会的会徽上有褐马鸡的形象。研究表明，基于多尺度的研究更能刻画鸟类-环境之间关系，气候环境变化对物种适宜生境有重要影响，且褐马鸡是随季节变化呈垂直性迁移。但这些都缺乏深入研究。本研究：⑴利用多源数据分析褐马鸡海拔季节变化与植被指数(NDVI)、太阳辐射（solar radiation）及其它因素的关系；⑵利用“3S“技术在多尺度对该雉栖息地利用进行分析；⑶采用多种生态位模型对我国该雉的空间格局动态分析；⑷构建巢址选择模型，基于此对陕西黄龙山2个褐马鸡保护区营巢栖息地质量进行评估。在此基础上，搞清陕西黄龙山该雉生境选择与尺度的关系及关键因子、该雉海拔季节扩散及其驱动因子、现有保护区其巢址适宜生境及当前和未来我国其适宜生境空间格局及其主要因子，以期为该雉保护区建设及其生境的保护、管理和恢复提供科学指导。

褐马鸡(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)为中国十大珍稀鸟类之一，我国特有珍稀鸟类，国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物，全球易危鸟类，我国濒危物种，世界雉类协会的会徽上有褐马鸡的形象，被誉为“东方神鸟”或“东方宝石”。研究表明，基于多尺度的研究更能刻画鸟类-环境之间关系，气候环境变化对物种适宜栖息地变化有重要影响，褐马鸡是随季节变化呈垂直性迁移。本项目的主要研究内容和结果包括：⑴褐马鸡春夏秋冬海拔高度是发生变化的，夏季最高，次之秋季，接下来春季，最低是冬季，即夏季›秋季›春季›冬季。坡位、乔木数量和灌木数量等与靠近水源和增加食物丰富度是其春季喜欢在低海拔区域活动的主要原因；灌丛高度、草本高度、隐蔽级和距林缘距离等与减少人为干扰相关的因子是促使它们在夏季倾向于在高海拔区域活动的主要因素；乔木盖度、灌丛盖度和草本盖度等与增加食物丰富度相关因子导致秋季倾向较高海拔地区活动；冬季距林缘距离、乔木盖度和隐蔽级等与增加食物丰富度和隐蔽性相关因子使其向低海拔地区迁移；⑵在10 m尺度完成陕西黄龙山褐马冬季鸡沙浴地、营巢生境、秋季栖息地；在200 m尺度完成褐马鸡冬季栖息地选择；在1000 m尺度完成陕西黄龙山褐马鸡西部种群适宜栖息地分析；⑶褐马鸡现在和未来的适宜生境主要分布在陕西黄龙山、山西吕梁山脉、河北小五台山和北京百花山。与当前情景下相比，未来褐马鸡可生存生境表现为增加的趋势，且适宜和中等适宜生境变化趋势相同，而21世纪50和70年代之间几乎不变。影响褐马鸡分布的主要因子是年降水量、昼夜温差月均值、植被类型、最干季降水量、最湿季降水量、到道路距离和到水源距离等；⑷褐马鸡和环颈雉的适宜生境分布格局相似，适宜生境重叠面积为1162.63 km2,分别占褐马鸡、环颈雉适宜生境总面积的91.64%和52.41％，2 个物种对环境因子的选择表现出相似性和一定差异性；⑸较大灌木和乔木层覆盖以及1.0 m高度的灌木覆盖是营巢成功的最佳因子。在此基础上，能够为该雉保护区建设及其生境的保护、管理和恢复提供科学指导。