城市公园绿地植物群落降噪及声景观优化机制研究

Normally, the landscape design was orientated on visual factors, ignoring the auditory function. It would improve the function and landscape appearance on condition that optimize sound environment. There were green noise barrier in parks green space, as well as beautiful voice types, which affected people's feelings on the point of visual and acoustic factors.According to the characteristics of noise in city, the project worked over the following issues. Firstly, the action on sound attenuation of plant species and communities that commonly used in Tianjin park green space, were studied. Secondly, the constitutions of soundscape in park green space were investigated, which were appraised on the angle of sound intensity, sound type and people's impression and expectation. Thirdly, the interaction of audio-visual on landscape plant community was researched, aimed to analyze how to reduce subjective annoyance of noise and improve the satisfaction of environment by adjusting the factors of landscape beauty. The main influence factors and characteristics of soundscape in green space were analyzed based on the above research results. The elements of optimizing green space soundscape were tried out in the point of physical noise reduction, psychological noise reduction and the adjustment of landscape elements, and the optimization mechanism was summarized. The project was designed to explore the mechanism optimization of green space soundscape, based on the theories of plant landscape design, noise control, environmental psychology and soundscape,in the point of sound-environment-people. It had important significance to promote the function of green space, enrich the theory and practice of plant landscape design and expand research fields of soundscape.

当前景观设计多以视觉导向为主，忽略了听觉作用，优化声环境可以显著提升景观效果和整体功能。 绿地植物不仅为游憩者提供隔离外界噪声的屏障，其特有的声、景要素共同影响着人的主观感受。项目针对城市噪声特点，研究天津地区常用绿化植物及群落构成对不同频率噪声的衰减特点；调查分析公园绿地声景观要素，从声音强度、构成及人的认知期望三者关系做出评价；研究绿地景观视听交感作用，分析如何通过景观美景度的调节降低人们对噪声的主观烦恼度，提高环境的综合满意度；从物理降噪、心理降噪及景观要素调节三个方面提炼绿地声景观优化因子，研究优化机制。 项目综合运用植物景观设计、噪声控制、环境心理学、声景观等多学科相关理论和研究方法，从声音、环境和人三要素展开研究，探索优化绿地空间声景观的机制，对促进绿地功能的发挥、指导植物景观设计、拓展声景观研究领域都具有重要的科学价值。

在城市的各种环境问题中,声环境越来越受到重视,噪声问题一直是人们关注的重点。人们对声音的主观感受也受到心理状态、环境声音类型、声音强度及视觉、触觉等非声学要素的综合影响,需要更加综合地、多视角看待环境中声音事件。城市绿地为居民提供接近大自然、愉悦身心的休憩空间,绿地空间声景观状况直接影响到绿地综合效益的发挥和使用者的主观感受。 .项目针对城市噪声特点,研究天津地区常用园林群落构成对交通噪声的衰减特点;调查分析公园绿地声景观要素,从声音强度、构成及人的认知期望三者关系做出评价;研究绿地景观视听交感作用,分析如何通过景观美景度的调节降低人们对噪声的主观烦恼度,提高环境的综合满意度。从物理降噪、心理降噪及景观要素调节三个方面提炼绿地声景观优化因子。 .植物群落降噪研究表明，不同配置结构对等效声压级及频谱的改变呈现较大差异，绿地宽度尤其是群落中乔灌木的宽度对等效声压级衰减的影响最大。对噪声衰减的频谱分析结果表明，最大的衰减频率期间为500-1600Hz，并且在630Hz出现衰减峰值。.通过对天津市公园不同景观及功能的空间开展视觉景观特征、声音要素及使用者评价实地监测、调查和主观问卷，结果表明：景观元素构成（植被、水体、建筑、路面、小品和天空）与声景观要素（PLS、POS、SDI）的相关性可以反应环境的整体声景观特点；公园景观视觉舒适度与听觉舒适度以及整体环境舒适度之间存在较强的相关性，公园声环境多样性指数受到活动声的主导；活动广场需着重控制活动类型；自然式景观节点需注重听觉环境、自然吸引力、活动内容的影响；道路周边的景观节点要注意景观格局的分布；有特色活动的区域需要将视觉环境布置得更有文化特色，同时注重活动本身构成的效果。从噪声衰减、改善视觉环境、营造栖息地吸引自然声等多个方面，合理利用植物景观，可以有效的改善声景观、提高环境整体舒适度，项目研究成果对促进绿地功能的发挥、指导植物景观设计、拓展声景观研究领域都具有重要科学价值。