东亚蟪蛄族分类订正、系统发育及谱系地理研究（半翅目：蝉科）

Cicadas of the tribe Platypleurini are unusual in that, besides the flattened body, they also possess a remarkable, laterally-developed pronotum. This tribe comprises 29 genera and around 190 species distributed mainly in the Afrotropical and Oriental regions, with a few species also occurring in the Eastern Palaearctic Region (Northeast Asia). Taxa of Platypleurini from the East Asian mainland and adjacent island archipelagos have been isolated far from those occurring in the Afrotropical Region, and no common species were shared between these two fauna. The Afrotropical fauna of Platypleurini have been well investigated. In contrast, studies of Platypleurini from East Asia are quite limited, and the phylogeny and biogeography of the Platypleurini from the East Asian mainland and adjacent island archipelagos have never been investigated. Recently, we conducted preliminary investigations on the morphology, bioacoustics and differentiation of some Platypleurini taxa from East Asia. For the current project we are taking our work further to investigate the biodiversity and distribution pattern of the Platypleurini in East Asia. Morphological differentiation and phylogeny of the Platypleurini and related taxa from East Asia will be studied using methods of comparative morphology and cladistics, and the taxonomy system of Platypleurini will be revised according to results of the phylogenetic analyses. We mainly aim to explore the phylogeny, genetic differentiation and phylogeography of related taxa from the East Asian mainland and adjacent island archipelagos, and to reveal their association with the tectonic plate movements and historical climate changes. Accordingly, factors that impact the formation of fauna and evolution of Platypleurini will be addressed in respect of historical biogeography. The results are hopeful to provide more information for reconstructing the phylogeny of Cicadidae, and improve our knowledge of the evolution of cicadas.

蟪蛄族昆虫体型扁平，前胸背板显著扩张，是蝉科一个比较独特的类群。该族已知29属190余种，局限分布于非洲区和东洋区，个别种类扩散至古北区（东北亚）。蟪蛄族东亚诸类群与非洲类群间地理分布隔离，无任何相同种类，各自形成单独的区系。非洲区蟪蛄族区系研究已较为深入，但该族在东亚的多样性水平及区系仍远未廓清，系统发育和谱系地理学研究更是阙如。本项目拟综合采用比较形态学、分子系统学、生物声学和谱系地理学方法，廓清东亚大陆及花彩列岛蟪蛄族昆虫的多样性及区系格局，明晰各类群的形态分化与地理分布格局，并对相应的分类系统进行修订；重点采用分子系统学和谱系地理学方法，对东亚各属级单元及相关类群的系统发育、代表种类的种群遗传分化及谱系地理结构进行研究，探讨其分衍、扩散与地球板块运动、气候变化等重大自然历史事件的联系，追溯其谱系地理结构形成的生态和进化历史印记，为整个蝉科昆虫系统演化研究提供新的信息和证据。

本项目综合采用比较形态学、行为生态学、生物声学、分子系统学和谱系地理学方法，对东亚地区蟪蛄族及相关类群进行了多方面研究。在行为生态学和生物声学方面，主要采用“标记-重捕”调查统计分析和生物声学研究方法，明晰了蟪蛄（仅具鼓膜发音器）、枯蝉（兼具鼓膜和摩擦发音器）这两个代表类群的鸣声特性及其在发音系统、性选择和配对机制方面的分化。在形态学方面，重点对蟪蛄族和相关类群的触角、足、雄性外生殖器、雌性产卵器、贮菌体、唾液腺、卵巢等进行了形态和超微结构比较研究，明晰了产卵瓣等构造的形态分化与寄主选择、产卵部位选择的相关性，并在足的端部新发现一种腿节上皮腺（EFG）；此外，揭示了蝉科昆虫精子的多态性及其在不同类群的分化，明晰了贮菌体、唾液腺等器官的形态和结构分化及其在系统发育研究方面的意义。在系统学方面，建立1新属、14个新种，确认多个新异名，廓清了东亚地区蟪蛄族的多样性和区系格局；基于形态和分子数据，明晰了相关类群的系统发育关系，并明确了华蝉族、黑蝉族等存疑单元的系统地位；确认蟪蛄族Platypleurini为海默蝉族Hamzini的次异名，向国际动物命名法委员会（CZN）提出废弃Hamzaria的优先权而保留Platypleurini作为该族学名的提议获得正式批准；重点开展了黄蟪蛄、枯蝉、蛉蛄、蟪蛄等代表类群的种群分化和谱系地理研究，揭示了更新世气候变化和海平面升降等对代表物种的遗传多样性分化及谱系地理结构形成的影响；以枯蝉为对象重点开展了物种分化和形成机制研究，明晰了分布区隔离和寄主植物转变对蝉科昆虫种群分化及新物种形成的驱动作用。此外，结合形态和分子数据，基于蟪蛄族等代表类群与专性共生菌的系统发育比较研究，初步明晰了蝉科昆虫与Sulcia、Hodgkinia、YLS等共生菌之间的复杂协同进化关系，并揭示出YLS和Hodgkinia在进化过程中曾发生多次替代，且YLS的分化与蝉科昆虫分化及中新世、渐新世的气候骤冷事件密切相关。本项目研究结果为更进一步深入开展蝉科昆虫多样性分化、系统演化、谱系地理及其与共生菌的协同进化研究奠定了基础。