文化人类学视域下内蒙古地域当代蒙古族牧民住居研究

The motivation of the research comes from the theoretical challenge the members of research team faced when they involved in the practice of “New Pastoral Building”. During the social transition, the expectation of the Mongolian herdsmen in this region contains an urgent need for national self-esteem and cultural identity. This issue is undoubtedly related to the generalized architecture that is the "architectural culture heritage and development". Therefore, this project is based on the "lifestyle of cultural determinism" which is included in cultural anthropology to conduct a comprehensive study of the Mongolian herdsmen's housing. The research contents include: to analyz the cultural connotation of residence, to explore the interactive mode of residential behavior and dwelling space, to explore the prototype of residential space and its organizational structure, finally, to generalize and translate the elements from this above to conduct a predictive design. The author intends to obtain community structure, the spatial composition, the explicit form as well as the spirit of the place, in order to maintain Traditional Culture. Luckly, the research benefits from synchronization of cultural and ecological specimens about Mongolian living. The author applies the rooting theory to the local community research, and the results of the different stages will be tested and proved in the current "New Pastoral Area" construction. Therefore, the practical significance of the research lies in the effective participation of the team member will promote contemporary Mongolian herdsmen to return to their poetic spiritual home under the government’s social benefiting policy.

课题研究动因源于项目组成员在“新牧区”建设实践中所面临的理论挑战：社会转型期间，本地域蒙古族牧民对“新住居”的期待，蕴含着民族自尊与文化认同方面的迫切需求。这涉及到广义建筑学中“建筑文化传承与发展”的本源课题。本题拟立足于文化人类学中“生活方式文化决定论”对蒙古族牧民的住居进行全面研究。研究内容包括：解析住居文化内涵;探求住居行为与住居空间的互动模式；发掘住居空间原型及其组织结构；最后将上述诸元素整合转译进行预测设计研究，以期获得支持当代蒙古族牧民进行传统文化展演的社区结构、空间构成、外显形态和场所精神的多元可能性。本项研究的良好契机是蒙古族住居的各类文化生态标本还共时存在。课题研究主要引入扎根理论对本地域住居进行研究，研究各阶段成果都将在当前“新牧区”建设中进行理论论证和数据检验。因此，本项研究的现实意义在于研究团队的有效参与将推动政府惠民政策下当代蒙古族牧民重归诗意栖居的精神家园。

社会转型期间，本地域蒙古族牧民对“新住居”的期待，蕴含着民族自尊与文化认同方面的迫切需求，这涉及到广义建筑学中“建筑文化传承与发展”的本源课题。课题组在当下蒙古族牧民住居的各类文化生态标本都共时存在的情况下及时介入。首先，对蒙古牧居进行文献收集整理与分析研究，完成蒙古牧居研究框架构建及整合优化；并对内蒙古境内牧居进行了以访谈、测绘、行为记录为主的抽样调查。其次，基于扎根理论完成了存在于牧民“集体无意识”之中的住居需求研究、空间类型研究、住居形态研究。最后，构建了蒙古包住居原型现代转译框架，并基于转译结果进行一系列实验性营造方案与设计方案。成果包括专著、抽样调查报告、博士论文、硕士论文、期刊论文、专利、获奖等。研究得出如下结论：通过主轴式编码获得“住居方式”、“建造与环境”、“文化认同”、“情感归属”四个主范畴的住居需求；并以住居学功能层次理论、建构学建筑四要素理论、建筑类型学的建筑原型理论为切入点完成蒙古包住居原型在文化、功能与建造三个层次上的现代转译。本项目研究的现实意义在于研究各阶段的理论成果、居住后测评和预测设计方案，都将为当前正在进行的“新牧区”建设提供理论支持和设计经验；学术意义在于以文化人类学中“生活方式的文化决定论”作为理论立足点，来研究住居空间与文化（生活方式）的关联，能更好的为处于“文化突变”中的当代蒙古族牧民提供“环境支持力”。