基于保鲜及传感技术投资的超市生鲜食品定价与库存策略研究

The fresh food has become an important means for supermarkets to obtain competitive advantages. However, due to the characteristics of perishability for the fresh food, its supply chain management is difficult. This project puts forward a joint inventory and pricing decision problem for fresh foods in supermarkets with the application of preservation and sensing technologies. On the one hand, the preservation technology is invested to curb deterioration; on the other hand, the sensory technology is introduced to monitor the quality of products and the dynamic pricing technique is used to manage the demand. The supply and demand management strategy for supermarkets is studied by applying methods such as nonlinear programming, Lagrange multiplier method, heuristic algorithm and simulation technology. In this project, we will focus on the following four issues (1) one-type of product static pricing and inventory decision problem; (2) one-type of product dynamic pricing and inventory decision problem; (3) multi-type of product static pricing and inventory decision problem; (4) multi-type of product dynamic pricing and inventory decision problem. Finally, the theoretic result obtained from the combination of theoretical models and practical data, is utilized to guide practice, and then the practical result can be used to test and optimize the theory. The research of this project on the one hand helps to enrich the existing research on the supply chain management of fresh food and expand the application scope of relevant technologies; On the other hand, it can help the supermarket management to make effective inventory and pricing policies. In addition, it also plays a positive role in reducing food waste and improving food safety regulation.

生鲜食品已成为超市获取竞争优势的重要手段。然而由于生鲜食品易于腐败的特征，导致其供应链管理困难重重。本项目提出基于保鲜及传感技术投资的超市生鲜食品定价与库存联合决策问题，一方面投资保鲜技术来抑制产品腐败，另一方面引入传感技术来监测产品的质量变化并配合动态定价技术来管理需求；运用非线性规划、拉格朗日乘数法、启发式算法、仿真技术等方法研究超市生鲜食品供需管理策略。主要研究内容有（1）单类产品的静态定价与库存决策问题；（2）单类产品的动态定价与库存决策问题；（3）多类产品的静态定价与库存决策问题；（4）多类产品的动态定价与库存决策问题。最后将理论模型与实践数据相结合，利用理论结果指导实践，进而通过实践来检验并优化理论。本项目一方面有助于丰富生鲜食品供应链管理的理论研究并拓展相关技术的应用范围；另一方面可以帮助超市制定有效的库存与定价策略。此外，对减少食品浪费、提高食品安全监管也具有积极的作用。

生鲜产品的易变质特征使得常规库存管理策略不再适用，成为零售商经营管理中的一个难题。近年来，学者们开始关注生鲜产品的供应链管理问题，然而目前尚处于起步阶段。本项目主要研究生鲜易变质品的订购和定价决策问题，主要研究内容包括：（1）构建了系列生鲜产品（易变质品）的定价与库存联合决策模型。结果显示：如果零售商忽略库存水平对生鲜产品需求的影响，制定的销售价格将偏低。对低变质率产品而言，经营者应提高销售价格来抵消由腐败引起的损失；而对于高变质率的产品来说，经营者应降低销售价格以吸引需求、增加销量。当消费者表现出参照价格效应时，对高变质率产品而言，零售商可保持一个较稳定的订购策略，更多地关注产品的定价策略；相反，耐用品的最优订购和定价策略均对参照价格效应较敏感。当消费者对产品的新鲜度要求较高时，应当降低销售价格并减少订购量。（2）构建了系列生鲜产品（易变质品）的定价、库存和保鲜投资联合决策模型。结果显示：随着产品订购成本的增大，需投入的保鲜成本也越多。当库存持有成本较大时，零售商应提高销售价格，减少订购量和保鲜投资。投资保鲜技术对零售商并不总是最优的。在保鲜投资与库存相关的情形下，随着保鲜投资的增加，服务水平、货物持有时间、订购量以及平均利润先增加后减少，但产品销售价格却是先降后升。（3）构建了传感技术（RFID）应用下生鲜产品的订购和定价决策模型。对比引进传感技术前后的利润模型得出使用RFID标签的临界价格。当RFID标签价格在这个临界价格范围内变动时，单位RFID标签价格越大，零售商的最优订购量越小、最优定价越高。（4）构建了受产品新鲜度影响的需求函数，讨论了生鲜产品供应链的最优订货策略。结果显示：生鲜产品的损耗率在很大程度上影响着供应商和零售商的成本及利润，通过损耗控制，零售商和经销商的利润都有大幅度地提升。