中国木生银耳种质资源及分子系统学研究

The wood-inhabiting Tremella are important edible and medicinal fungi in China. Tremella fuciformis is one of the mainly cultivated species in China and its productivity account for more than 95% of the world's output. The study on the diversity of the Chinese wood-inhabiting Tremella is insufficient, which still stays in the stage of traditionally morphological taxonomy, and molecular phylogeny of Chinese Tremella is not yet carried out resulting in inaccurate identification of some species in the genus. China is rich in forest resources which provide favorable conditions for Tremella species growing, and it is very possible that some unknown taxa of Tremella exist in Chinese forests. It is therefore that systematic and comprehensive survey on the wood-inhabiting Tremella is very necessary for clarifying species diversity and finding some new cultivated varieties. In this project, we will conduct a comprehensive investigation on Chinese wood-inhabiting Tremella fungi, and all Chinese wood-inhabiting Tremella will be systematically studied based on macroscopic, microscopic characters, ecological habits and molecular phylogenetic analyses. As a result, the diversity and distribution of the wood-inhabiting Tremella fungi will be demonstrated, and some new taxa, Chinese new records or new cultivated varieties. These results will enrich Chinese edible fungal resources and provide important data for the development of edible mushroom industry in China.

木生银耳属Tremella真菌是我国重要食药用真菌，其中银耳Tremella fuciformis是我国重要栽培品种，占世界总产的95%以上。我国对木生银耳资源多样性研究非常不全面，依旧停留在传统的形态研究阶段，分子系统学研究尚未开展，致使该属一些物种鉴定不准确。另外，我国森林类型丰富，为木生银耳生长提供极有利条件，中国的木生银耳很多种类尚未发现或未认识，因此有必要结合现代分子技术对我国木生银耳进行系统全面的研究，澄清其种类多样性，发现一些更具栽培价值的新种类、中国新记录种或新品种。本项目拟对我国木生银耳属真菌展开全面的资源调查和研究，综合宏观、微观特征和生态习性，运用分子系统学手段，对其进行准确分类和科学鉴定，更正过去一些物种鉴定错误，阐述我国木生银耳物种多样性和分布，发现新物种、新记录种或新品种，丰富我国食用菌资源，为我国食用菌产业的可持续发展奠定重要基础。

木生银耳属Tremella真菌是我国重要食药用真菌，其中银耳Tremella fuciformis是我国重要栽培品种，占世界总产的95%以上。过去我国对木生银耳资源多样性研究非常不全面，分子系统学研究尚未开展，致使该属一些物种鉴定不准确。本项目对我国木生银耳属Tremella真菌展开了全面的资源调查和研究，综合形态学和分子系统学进行准确分类和鉴定，得到以下研究结果：（1）建立了我国34个木生银耳物种的寄主、分布、生态习性、形态特征和分子序列信息数据库，发现我国木生银耳新种18个，新记录种6个。（2）联合多基因序列片段（ITS、nLSU、TEF1、RPB1、RPB2和mt-SSU）构建了银耳目的系统发育关系，确定我国木生银耳种类分属于4个单系属，狭义银耳属Tremella s.s.，褐银耳属Phaeotremella，假银耳属Pseudotremella和金耳属Naematelia，并明确了这4个属间及其相关属的系统发育关系（3）我国的34个木生银耳种类中，21个属于狭义银耳属Tremella s.s.，11个属于褐银耳属Phaeotremella，1个属于假银耳属Pseudotremella和1个属于金耳属Naematelia。我国的18个新种中，12个来自狭义银耳属Tremella s.s，6个来自褐银耳属Phaeotremella。经过多片段DNA条形码选择，联合多基因（ITS、nLSU、TEF1）构建了较稳定的狭义银耳属Tremella s.s和褐银耳属Phaeotremella的系统发育树，明确了这2个属内种间的系统发育关系。