Cyclic GMP-AMPs (cGAMPs) are new members of intracellular nucleotide second messenger signaling molecules, and modulate a variety of critical cellular activities. cGAMPs are also recognized by host cell as critical pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to stimulate innate immunity response. In recently published work, we identified the first three 3'3'-cGAMP-specific PDEs in V. cholerae (herein designated as V-cGAPs). V-cGAPs are HD-GYP domain-containing proteins and specifically break 3'3'-cGAMP, but not other forms of cGAMP. 3'3'-cGAMP is first linearized to produce intermediate 5'-pApG, which is further hydrolyzed into 5'-ApG. The high specificity of V-cGAPs on 3'3'-cGAMP suggests the existence of specific PDEs for 2'3'-cGAMPs in mammalian cells. The absolute requirement of the GYP motif for 3'3'-cGAMP degradation suggests that HD domain-containing PDEs in eukaryotes are probably unable to hydrolyze cGAMPs. The fact that all V-cGAPs attack 3'3'-cGAMP on one specific phosphodiester bond suggests that PDEs for other cGAMPs would utilize a similar strategy. These results will provide valuable information for identification and characterization of mammalian 2'3'-cGAMP-specific PDEs in future studies.
环化腺苷鸟苷二磷酸 (cyclic GMP-AMPs, cGAMPs) 是近些年被发现的具有重要生理功能的核苷酸类第二信使。近期,我们首次发现并系统研究了在霍乱弧菌中降解3'3'-cGAMP的磷酸二酯酶 (PDE): V-cGAPs。V-cGAPs是一类含有HD-GYP结构域的蛋白,只能高度特异地降解3'3'-cGAMP,这提示哺乳动物细胞中同样应当存在特异降解2'3'-cGAMP的PDEs。对GYP基序的绝对依赖提示,真核细胞中目前已知的PDEs由于只含有HD基序而不足以水解cGAMPs。所有的V-cGAPs在降解3'3'-cGAMP时都攻击同一个特定的磷酸二酯键,这提示2'3'-cGAMP的PDEs可能采取相似的策略。基于上述V-cGAPs提供的重要线索和信息,我们将运用生物信息学和细胞生化手段来鉴定和发现哺乳动物细胞中特异降解2'3'-cGAMP的PDEs,并阐明其重要的生理学功能。
自从环二核苷酸类(CDN)第二信使cGAMP在细菌和哺乳动物细胞中分别以3'3'-cGAMP和2'3'-cGAMP的形式被发现以来,其在细胞内的降解机制一直是一个基础的科学问题。在真核生物中,cGAS-cGAMP-STING通路因其在由病源dsDNA诱导的天然免疫信号转导中的重要作用以及作为肿瘤免疫治疗的药物靶点而受到广泛关注。这些都依赖于2'3'-cGAMP作为细胞内和细胞间的活跃信号分子,但过量的2'3'-cGAMP会导致严重的自身免疫性疾病,这表明2'3'-cGAMP在体内的水平需要得到严格的调控。..尽管已有报道称胞外2'3'-cGAMP可被质膜上的磷酸二酯酶ENPP1水解,但对胞质内2'3'-cGAMP的降解机制仍知之甚少。这里,通过精心设计的基于柱层析的纯化流程,成功鉴定出一种尚未报道的细胞质2'3'-cGAMP磷酸二酯酶,并命名为cGAP (cGAMP PDE)。cGAP在人类和海葵之间的物种中都是保守的,并且表现出与ENPP1差异显著的催化活性。不同于ENPP1对CDN 底物没有偏好性,cGAP能够更为特异地去水解2'3'-cGAMP。同时,cGAP能够直接将ATP/GTP水解为单磷酸盐和腺苷/鸟苷,而不是像 ENPP1那样产生焦磷酸盐和AMP/GMP。..在敲除cGAP的肿瘤细胞中,可以检测到STING-IRF3通路的自激活,并且能够通过恢复功能性cGAP来回补这种表型,这进一步证明了cGAP能够调节体内2'3'-cGAMP的水平。同时这还表明,cGAP可能是一个与STING一样甚至更好的免疫治疗药物靶点,因为可以通过抑制肿瘤细胞的cGAP活性来特异性地增强肿瘤微环境中的免疫反应而不引起全身性的免疫反应。此外,cGAP能够形成多聚体,只有寡聚化的cGAP才能表现出有效的酶活,进一步的冷冻电镜结构将有助于了解cGAP的详细催化过程。综上所述,本工作鉴定了一种新型细胞质磷酸二酯酶,它可以特异性降解胞质内的2'3'-cGAMP,这为cGAS-STING通路提供了一个清晰的调控机制。
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数据更新时间:2023-05-31
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