核孔膜在饮用水深度处理技术中的应用基础研究

With the development of industry, the pollution of natural water is very serious. Drinking water quality standards have been improved. New technologies have been employed in advanced treatment of drinking water. These technologies include ozone-activated carbon technology, biological activated carbon technology and membrane separation technology. Membrane separation technology has now become one of the hottest topics in water treatment. Nuclear track membranes are produced from insulating membranes irradiated by heavy ions or fission fragment, and then the tracks are treated by chemical etching. The main advantages of nuclear track membranes as compared with other membranes are the uniform pore size and regular pore shape. There are two difficult problems in advanced treatment of drinking water by membranes: classifying filtration and membrane pollution. Nuclear track membrane attempts to solve these problems in advanced treatment of drinking water. The application of nuclear track membranes in treatment of drinking water has good social and economic benefits. This project, based on scientific research， experiences and market demands, will cope with these critical issues, aimming to transform scientific achievements to productivity. Proper evaluation of membrane for its appliactions in advanced treatment of drinking water will improve the product quality and also fill the domestic technical gap.

随着工业的发展，天然水体污染日益严重，人们对健康饮用水的标准提出了更高的要求。目前采用的饮用水深度处理技术包括：臭氧-活性碳技术、生物活性碳技术和膜分离技术。膜分离技术是当前水处理领域的热点。核孔膜主要利用重离子或裂变碎片在绝缘材料的薄膜上打孔然后化学蚀刻扩孔而成。核孔膜和其他过滤膜相比，有着孔道规则、孔径均匀等优点。如何实现膜的分级过滤和解决膜污染难题是饮用水深度处理技术中关键科学问题。核孔膜可以帮助解决我国目前饮用水深度处理技术难题。核孔膜技术在饮用水深度处理方面的应用，具有重要的社会效益和经济效益。本项目从科研实际出发，结合市场需求及相关经验，旨在解决目前核孔膜饮用水深度处理中的几个关键问题，建立对核孔膜在饮用水膜深度处理技术中应用价值的评估，推进核孔膜技术成果向生产转换，从而提高国产核孔膜的质量，填补国内相关领域的空白。

本项目主要开展了核孔膜的过滤机理研究和核孔膜的辐照蚀刻技术研究。用兰州重离子加速器提供离子辐照薄膜，蚀刻得到了不同规格的PET核孔膜。通过计算机仿真和实验两个方面，去研究核孔膜的性能。采用有限元仿真技术去计算核孔膜的性能。核孔膜相对于常规的滤膜最明显的优点是的可以精确控制的结构。一般认为，核孔膜具有高的选择性和低的孔隙率，低的孔隙率限制了核孔膜在工业产品中的应用范围。实验表明通过实验和计算流体力学相结合，对核孔膜的结构参数进行优化，从而提高核孔膜的过滤性能。开展了回旋加速器上核孔膜的生产技术研究，提高了辐照、蚀刻和敏化技术。实验对比结果表明，对于孔径小于1 μm 的纳米孔径核孔膜，适合利用泡点分析法测量有效截留孔径，测量误差小于5%；对于孔径大于3 μm 的微米孔径或直筒孔核孔膜，优先选择光学显微镜观察法测量表面孔径，测量误差小于10%。制备孔径为2 μm 和450 nm 的核孔膜样品，用其进行黄河水过滤，探究过滤效果。进一步证明微米孔径核孔膜去除水样中一般颗粒物有明显效果（微粒数目平均减少99.12%），450 nm 孔径或更小孔径的核孔膜可绝大部分清除水样中的细菌（微粒数目减少99.90%）。实验结果对今后核孔膜孔径的测量和定标及水质净化具有参考意义。本项目从科研实际出发，结合市场需求及相关经验，解决了目前核孔膜饮用水深度处理中的几个关键问题，建立对核孔膜在饮用水膜深度处理技术中应用价值的评估，推进核孔膜技术成果向生产转换，从而提高国产核孔膜的质量，填补国内相关领域的空白。