不同结构聚氨酯保温隔热材料的火灾行为研究

In order to satify the urgent need to reduce the ignitability and the toxic and harmful smoke release of thermal insulation material combustion used on building wall effectively in the fire prevetion field of national building energy-saving engineering, this project plan to propose a route to prepare a novel thermal insulation material with different chemical structure basing on the three aspects of energy storage, heat insulation and fire prevention. Using three phosphorus oxychloride as coupling agents and polyethylene glycol with different molecular weight as phase change materials, a novel polyol containing flame retardant element P is prepared by bonding the polyethylene glycol in polyether polyol skeleton. Furthermore the polyols containing flame retardant element P are used to react foamly with polyisocyanate to prepare a novel thermal insulation materials with diffente chemical structure. The optimum preparation route and the fire performace of them,such as ignitability, smoke release rate, flame spread property heat and harmful smoke release, will be studied detailly to find out the intrinsic regularity of the relationship between the fire performance and the content of flame retardant element P and char forming units,which will reveal the physical and chemical principles of reducing the heat and harmful smoke release effectively. It is expect to reduce the fire risk of the thermal insulation material with not the themal insulation effect for the price by using phase-change energy storage to maintain or even improve the heat insulation. It can supply theoretical and technical base for the development of safty design in building wall thermal insulation,resulting in important sense for fire prevention technology progress of building energy conservation in our country.

面对国家建筑节能工程防火领域中有效降低保温隔热材料的可燃性和燃烧时有毒、有害烟气释放的迫切需要，本项目拟从储能、隔热、防火三个方面提出一种制备新型保温隔热材料的工艺思路，采用三氯氧磷为偶联剂，聚乙二醇为相变储能物质，将聚乙二醇键接于聚醚多元醇骨架上，进而与多异氰酸酯发泡反应，制备得到不同结构的新型保温隔热材料，研究制备该材料的最佳工艺条件以及不同结构该材料的点燃性、火焰蔓延特性以及燃烧时热和有毒有害烟气的产生等火灾行为，揭示其燃烧速率、产烟速率和毒性气体生成速率与阻燃元素P和成炭结构单元之间关系的内在规律，探索有效降低保温隔热材料热释放速率和有毒有害烟气产生的物理化学原理，期望利用相变储能能力保持甚至提高保温隔热效果的前提下，提出一种有效降低保温隔热材料火灾危险性的新方法，为发展建筑外墙保温隔热的安全设计提供理论和技术原理支撑，对我国建筑节能工程防火技术的进步和发展具有重要意义。

如何降低聚氨酯泡沫保温隔热材料的火灾危险性，是近几年来节能领域发展的重要课题。本项目采用三氯氧磷为偶联剂，不同分子量的聚乙二醇为相变储能物质，将聚乙二醇键接于聚氨酯泡沫保温隔热材料用多元醇上，进而与多异氰酸酯进行发泡反应，制备了不同结构的聚氨酯泡沫保温隔热材料，并采用红外光谱（FTIR）对其化学结构进行了表征，采用示差扫面量热仪（DSC）、热失重分析法（TGA）研究了不同结构聚氨酯泡沫保温隔热材料的热行为，采用锥形量热仪和烟气毒性分析法研究了不同结构聚氨酯泡沫保温隔热材料火灾危险性。结果表明相变储能物质聚乙二醇成功的键接于多元醇上，进而一种不同结构的同时含阻燃元素磷和相变储能物质聚乙二醇链段的硬质聚氨酯泡沫保温隔热材料成功制备；磷元素的引入改变了聚氨酯泡沫保温隔热材料的热分解行为，提高了聚氨酯泡沫保温隔热材料的热失重残余量，同时提高了聚氨酯泡沫的阻燃性能，且成炭结构单元含量越多，阻燃效果越明显，火灾初期危险性越小，越有利于火灾控制和人员疏散；相变储能物质聚乙二醇链段的引入大大提高了聚氨酯泡沫保温隔热材料的隔热作用。从储能、隔热、防火三个方面提出了一种制备新型保温隔热材料的工艺思路，揭示了聚氨酯保温隔热材料的火灾行为与阻燃元素P和成炭结构单元之间关系的内在规律，提出了一种同时提高聚氨酯泡沫保温隔热材料隔热作用和有效降低保温隔热材料火灾危险性的新方法，为发展建筑外墙保温隔热的安全设计提供理论和技术原理支撑，对我国建筑节能工程防火技术的进步和发展具有重要意义。