基于多学科新技术相结合的交通损伤成伤机制研究

It is a prerequisite to study the collision relationship between vehicle and human body as well as the motive trajectory of them in figuring out the mechanism of injury in traffic accidents. At present, there are kinds of methods available such as forensic dissection, virtual anatomy, animal collision experiment, dummy collision experiment, by using mathematical geometric model and so on. Forensic dissection and virtual anatomy can clarify the morphological characteristics and extent of injury, but it is difficult to explain the injury mechanism and injury conditions; Although animal/dummy collision experiment, mathematical models and other experimental methods are conducive to the injury mechanism, they after all differ from real body-vehicle collision that disables the data obtained from experiments available to medicolegal expertise directly. It is an advantage that whole process of accident can be captured by traffic monitors. Using 3D scanning- image processing technology as well as forensic pathology, biomechanics and engineering technology, we can reconstruct the process of the collision in accident to clarify the injury mechanism. This object aims to study the injury mechanism and conditions in monitored collision of vehicle vs pedestrian.

目前研究交通伤主要有法医解剖、虚拟解剖、动物碰撞实验、假人碰撞实验、数学模型等手段，各有优点和局限性。法医解剖和虚拟解剖能够明确损伤的形态特点和程度，但难以说明成伤机制和致伤条件，动物碰撞实验、假人碰撞实验、数学模型等各种实验方法有利于阐明成伤机制，但毕竟不同于活人-实车碰撞，得到的实验数据很难直接应用于司法鉴定。监控视频可以捕捉到事故的整个过程，是真实的活人-实车碰撞，通过三维扫描计算机处理技术、图像处理技术，可以明确机动车与人体的碰撞关系和还原人体的运动轨迹，再结合法医病理学、痕迹、汽车工程、生物力学、计算机工程等多学科技术可以明确损伤与车速、碰撞角度、动能、动量、冲量等参数之间的量化关系，达到明确成伤机制和条件的目的。本课题针对有监控视频的车辆与行人碰撞交通事故类型，研究成伤机制和致伤条件。

本课题针对有监控视频的车辆与行人碰撞交通事故类型，确立了监控视频畸变的校正和“二维-三维”信息配准的方法和具体操作，进一步应用于交通事故现场还原和交通事故过程重建，并结合计算机软件基本完成不同车速、刹车和不刹车情况下小型轿车与行人碰撞运动过程，及一次性损伤、二次性损伤、三次性损伤成伤机制，以及损伤形态学特征、部位、程度（AIS-ISS 及 RISS 评分）与车速之间的相关性研究。另外，课题组在实际司法鉴定中遇到疲劳驾驶导致事故、甚至驾驶员因过度疲劳而突然死亡的案件，追加了有关过劳死的动物实验，研究发现过度疲劳通过Cavl/pSrc/Cx43途径扰乱心律，加剧心肌纤维化的病理学机制，甚至直接引起死亡。