水源水质多维保真采样设备研究

Source water protection and management is the key to guarantee the safety of water supply. Pollutants in source water reservoirs usually exist in the form of dissolved, suspended and sedimentary matter and the quality of water is closely related to their dimensional surroundings. Therefore, it’s necessary to eliminate the interferences and to preserve the truth and stability of the samples, which are significantly important when it comes to deepening analysis of the water quality and planning sensible countermeasure. Considering that the existing samplers concern little or nothing in truth-preservation, this research aims to develop a set of truth-preserving samplers corresponding to the three types of pollutant. The samplers include: 1) Buffered piston water sampler, consisted of a buffered piston mechanism and two barrels, which will reduce the disturbance of instrument while sampling and keep the original form of floccules and soluble gas in the sample; 2) Convective grid suspended substance sampler, made of multilayer filter and multidirectional barrels, aims to mitigate the problem of filter blocking and raise the efficiency of enrichment; 3) Oscillation settling sediment sampler, in which a oscillator was employed to make the sampling barrel sink into the deposition steadily, preserves the original state of sediment stratification and the density distribution; 4) Upgrade the samplers to be intelligent, which means that each sampler will be upgraded to be intelligent and the functions of them will be integrated and improved. The series of samplers are going to be useful theoretically and practically when surveying and managing source water quality.

水源保护和源头治理是保障供水安全的根本所在。水源水体中污染物常以溶解态、悬浮态和沉积态形式存在，各处水质状况与其多维环境条件密切相关，因此，采样过程中排除干扰、保持样本存续环境条件的真实稳定是深化水质分析、制定合理对策的关键。鉴于已有采样设备注重原位样本获取，忽略环境条件维持的不足，本项目重点研发与污染物三态对应的多维保真采样设备系列，主要有：1)缓冲活塞式水样采集仪，具有缓冲功能的活塞机构和两段桶体结构减小采样冲击干扰，实现水样中絮凝物形态与水溶气体的保真；2)对流隔栅式悬浮物采集仪，采用多层滤膜机构和多向对流桶体结构，减轻滤膜堵塞提高富集效率；3)振动沉降式沉积物采集仪，利用激振器使水下采样筒平稳均匀地进入到沉积物中，实现样本层理结构与密度分布的保真；4）采样设备的智能化升级，对单体采集仪进行智能化升级和集成创新提高设备功能。该设备系列将为水源水质综合调查与治理提供技术和设备支撑。

水源保护和源头治理是保障供水安全的根本所在。水源水体中污染物常以溶解态、悬浮态和沉积态形式存在，各处水质状况与其多维环境条件密切相关，因此，采样过程中排除干扰、保持样本存续环境条件的真实稳定是深化水质分析、制定合理对策的关键所在。鉴于已有采样设备可以做到原位样本获取，忽略环境条件维持的不足，本项目重点研发与污染物三态对应的多维保真采样设备系列。项目组围绕着水库多维水质采集设备进行了系统研究，致力于水体、悬浮物、沉积物样本采集及水质、环境分析相关方法与设备的研究。在水体样本采集方法与设备方面等，针对微扰动采集和样本原状采集，从结构设计、采样过程、样品保存、智能控制方面研发了7项成果，适用于水库不同工况下的水体样本采集。在悬浮物样本采集方面，针对悬浮物原状富集采集，从采样流态、监控指标、自动控制方面进行了系统研究，研发了6项相关方法、设备。在沉积物样本采集方面，针对层理性样本采集、采集动力、原状监测、自动化等方面进行了研究，研发了7项成果。在水质、环境监测设备与方法方面，针对现场多参数水质监测、自适应监测、采样平台等进行分析，研发了6项成果。以上成果均属于原始自主创新，提出26项专利成果，其中“自锚桩式沉积物采样器”申请了国际专利。相关成果在碧流河水库、东风水库、大连市水文局等单位进行了应用与验证，具有显著的社会效益和较大的推广应用价值。