“采-充-留”耦合开采岩层移动控制理论研究

The confliction between the coal resources exploitation and the subsidence damage are existed for a long time. It receives much concern as the environmental impact of mining subsidence in recent years. The study of new theory and technology to lower technology costs of production, increase the effectiveness of reducing subsidence and implement the reasonable and effective control of rock movement are urgent need. According to the method which predate proposed that a small coal pillar is left and backfilling is performed on either one or both sides of the pillar, the project carries out the research of the strata movement and controlling theory of mining co-ordinately mixed with backfill mining and setting pillars. The method of similar model test, numerical simulation, theoretical analysis and the field observation are employed. It will reveal the stability and mechanical mechanism of coal pillars and backfill joint support system. It will analyse the synergetic principle of the joint support system and the collapsed zone, and the coordinate deformation relationship between several units of the mining co-ordinately mixed with backfill mining and setting pillars. And the rock movement model and the subsidence predicting method will be researched. The long term stability evaluations model of pillar filled system research will be proposed. According to the protection requirements of the structures, it builds the structures and sizes of the mining co-ordinately mixed with backfill mining and setting pillars optimization methods, lower the technology cost. At the same time, it maximizes the extraction percentage and realizes reasonable and reliable of protection effects. The achievements of the projects have important theoretical and practical significances to solve the problems of resources pressure and the environment protection of surface and groundwater.

煤炭资源开采与沉陷损害的矛盾由来已久，近年来开采沉陷对环境的影响备受关注，迫切需要研究新的理论和技术，以降低技术生产成本，提高减沉效果，实现岩层移动的合理和有效控制。本项目拟按照先期提出的留设小煤柱、进行柱旁部分充填开采的“采-充-留”耦合协调开采技术思想，开展“采-充-留”耦合开采岩层移动控制理论研究。采用物理模拟、数值模拟、理论分析和现场实测手段，研究：1）原煤体、充填体组成的联合支撑体的变形稳定性及其力学机理；2）联合支撑体与冒落区的协同作用原理，多个“采-充-留”单元之间的协调变形关系；3）岩层移动模式和沉陷预测方法。研究提出柱充联合体的长期稳定性评价模型；根据井上下受护物的保护要求，建立 “采-充-留”结构和尺寸的优化方法，减小技术成本，实现资源回收率最大化和合理可靠的保护效果。项目成果对于解决我国当前普遍存在的资源滞压和地表、地下水环境保护问题，具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。

我国矿区资源滞压严重，在我国中东部采煤省区，如安徽、河北、河南、山东、山西等省的许多矿井面临严重的建筑物、铁路、水体等压煤问题。在很大程度上影响着矿井的生产持续和开采寿命，制约着煤炭生产的维持和发展。传统的“三下”采煤技术，条带开采资源损失较大，充填开采（全采全充）技术成本较高。为此立项进行“采-充-留”耦合开采岩层移动控制理论研究。.主要研究内容为：1）柱充联合支撑体的变形与稳定性理论研究。2）“采-充-留”耦合开采岩层移动控制机理研究。3）“采-充-留”耦合开采地表移动规律与预计方法研究。4）建立“采-充-留”耦合开采柱、充、垮落区支撑结构模型。5）“采-充-留”耦合开采技术在建（构）筑物下采煤中的应用研究。.取得的主要结果是：（1）基本揭示了“采-充-留”柱充联合支撑体的变形规律和岩层移动控制机理，得出了基于柱充联合支撑体的合理的耦合关系，结合具体条件给出了耦合优化尺寸。（2）试验验证了“采-充-留”耦合开采方法的可行性和控制地表移动的效果。试验得到的地表下沉系数为0.16。说明了充填体与煤柱形成的联合支撑体能够有效地抑制上覆岩层的垮落, 阻隔了两侧采空区的联通, 对上覆岩层移动起到良好的控制作用, 达到了减小地表移动变形和岩层破坏的目的。（3）结合现场实际，提出了“采-充-留”耦合开采方法应用设计方法，在山东义能煤矿、开滦唐山矿、林西矿进行了村庄下采煤的设计应用，取得了较好的效果。为开采沉陷控制方法提供了新的手段。（4）通过本项目研究，发表相关论文13篇，取得发明专利4项，进而提出了岩层移动平衡结构分类模型，为开采沉陷介质和结构研究提供了一些新的思路。