长江中游石家河古聚落兴衰的地貌和水环境因素

The formation of human settlement is restricted directly by the conditions of geomorphology, the terrain features and the evolution of landform related to water can have deep impact on land resource status and soil and water conditions, such impact can cause a stake in the out come of settlement site selection, lifestyle and work mode of ancient humans. The relationship between settlement formation and landform evolutions can spark a new inspiration on environmental archaeology research. The middle reaches of the Yangtze River is one of the cradles of ancient civilizations in our country. The ancient city site of Shijiahe, located in the northern margin of the Jianghan Plain where waterlogged and drought are frequent, is the largest and most well preserved and longest lasting Neolithic settlement site in the middle reaches of the Yangtze river so far. This project intends to systematically analyze the influence of the geomorphic conditions formed by the settlement of Shijiahe in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the water-related geomorphic process on the development-decline of Shijiahe civilization, so as to explore the man-land relationship between the Youziling culture and the Shijiahe culture period. This study is of typical significance for the research of the relationship between ancient settlements and geomorphic environment, and deepens the understanding of the man-land relationship of Neolithic in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from a new perspective.

地貌条件是人类聚落形成的重要自然因素，特别是与水相关的地貌特征与演化深刻地影响着一个区域的土地资源状况及水土条件，与聚落选址、生业模式息息相关。古人类聚落的形成与演化与地貌条件与地貌过程的关系是环境考古学研究的新方向。长江中游是我国古代文明的发祥地之一，位于水、旱频发的江汉平原北缘石家河古城址，是长江中游迄今发现分布面积最大、保存最为完整、延续时间最长的新石器时代聚落遗址。本项目拟通过对长江中游石家河聚落形成的地貌条件和与水相关的地貌过程对石家河文明发展-衰落的影响系统剖析，探讨油子岭文化—石家河文化时期的人-地关系。本研究对开展古聚落与地貌环境关系研究具有典型意义，并从一个新的视角深化对长江中游新石器人-地关系的认识。

本研究查明了石家河新石器聚落形成、发展与衰落的地貌环境、水环境和气候环境因素。通过石家河古城的两个典型遗址的文化层进行了系统测年，认为石家河文化期绝对年代为4800–4150cal.a BP。通过孢粉、植硅石、地球化学、粒度、磁化率等气候指标综合分析，将石家河遗址的气候环境划分为八个阶段。经多方论证，否定了前人关于石家河古城废弃与石家河文明衰落的原因是长江洪水引起的，认为4.2ka前后的干旱气候是主要原因，并探讨古城废弃和文明衰落的过程。.系统分析了武汉市石家河期古城（张西塆城）、商代古城（盘龙城）、三国历史城（古武昌城汉阳城）、明清汉口城及武汉现代城，在城市形成与发展过程中对地貌环境、水环境的依附与改造，厘定了人地关系的演化历程。对武汉市的堤防修筑史及与城市空间扩展的关系进行了梳理，分析了堤防修筑与地质地貌环境和水环境的相互影响及其人地关系。查明了长江岸线演变、江心洲变化、滨江平原的形成对武汉城市的发展和兴盛的关系，提出长江武汉段滨江平原的形成模式：江—湖、洲—陆转化。从地质地貌分析入手，基于气候变化条件下海江湖相互作用过程，首次对武汉市湖泊的成因类型进行了系统划分，并对典型湖泊——武汉东湖的形成、演化与城市发展进行了解析。