修复海洋溢油污染的吸附-生物降解技术应用基础研究

Due to oil spills are more and more serious in China, it is urgent to develop new technologies for effective remediation of marine oil spill contamination. In this project, the porous adsorbents with the function of nitrogen and phosphorus slow-release and biodegradability will be prepared from the raw material of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). Then the adsorbents with the function of biodegrading petroleum hydrocarbons will be achieved through fixing the pure petroleum hydrocarbons degrading bacteria which were isolated using the screening procedure. Furthermore, the adsorbed-biodegraded floating beds which can be applied in practical engineering will be obtained based on above research. The characteristics of the adsorbents and the interaction between the immobilized bacteria and the adsorbents will be studied using the particle size analyzer, surface area and pore size analyzer, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To achieve the operating schemes under different environmental conditions, the fundamental research on the technology of adsorption and biodegradation will be conducted in the experimental equipment simulating the condition of marine oil spill. To enhance the biodegradation of adsorbing petroleum hydrocarbons, the mass transportation and migration mechanism among agent, petroleum hydrocarbons and the fixed bacteria will be discussed. To investigate the optimization regulatory mechanism of the adsorption-biodegradation system at the microbial ecology level, the optimization regulatory model related to petroleum hydrocarbons biodegradation, microbial community structure and environmental factors will be established. Field research of the adsorption-biodegradation system will be carried out in Dalian bay, and the application reliability of the system can be improved by optimizing parameters and technical improvement.

我国正处在海上溢油事故频发期，开发实用的溢油处理新技术迫在眉睫。本项目首先以PHB为基础原料，通过优化制作工艺制备具有缓释氮磷和可生物降解功能的多孔吸附材料，然后利用驯化筛选得到的石油烃降解菌，通过菌株固定化获得具有缓释氮磷-生物降解功能的吸附材料，然后制作吸附-生物降解浮床。运用粒度分析仪、比表面孔径分析仪、TEM和XPS等手段考察多孔材料的性状及其与固定化降解菌之间的相互作用。在模拟海洋溢油环境的试验装置中进行吸附-生物降解技术的应用基础研究，获得不同环境条件下的运行方案。研究氮磷缓释剂-吸附石油烃-固定微生物膜之间的传质运移规律，寻求促进吸附的石油烃生物降解的措施。通过微生物种群结构解析，提出对吸附-生物降解修复系统中微生物活性和种群结构进行优化调控的机制。在大连市大连湾镇的海域现场进行吸附-生物降解技术的实例探索研究，并通过参数调试与技术改进，提高其在实际应用中的可靠性。

我国正处在海上溢油事故频发期，开发实用的溢油处理新技术迫在眉睫。本研究经过驯化、分离及纯化，分离出对石油烃和多环芳烃具有高效降解功能的菌株，并对降解菌的性能和功能蛋白进行了研究。以具可生物降解性能的PHB粉末为原料，利用单乳化(W1/O)和复乳化(W1/O/W2)方法制备了具有缓释氮磷和可生物降解功能的多孔吸附材料。通过菌株固定化获得了具有缓释氮磷-生物降解功能的吸附材料。基于聚丙烯腈静电纺丝纤维，采用静电纺丝、冷冻铸造、定向冷冻等技术制备了具有三维多孔结构的吸油材料。通过对制备原料用量和工艺参数的优化，得到了具有丰富孔结构的复合海绵，丰富的孔结构使复合海绵具有超疏水表面，水接触角高达152.3°。该复合海绵对油类的吸附容量达到40.54 g•g-1，可以通过蒸馏法和燃烧法对复合海绵进行再生，能够循环使用5次以上，具有良好的再生性能。以制备的吸附材料为基础，制作了吸附-生物降解浮床和除油装置。运用粒度分析仪、比表面孔径分析仪、TEM和XPS等手段考察多孔材料的性状、吸油机理和传质运移规律。在模拟海洋溢油环境的试验装置中进行了吸附-生物降解技术的应用基础研究，通过研究不同环境条件和运行参数对装置吸油速率的影响，确定了除油装置运行的影响规律，随着除油装置顶端橡胶管距油层表面的高度降低、油品粘度减小、环境温度升高，装置的除油速率升高；海水盐度和波浪幅度对除油速率影响不大，当波浪作用后期由于油水混合，除油装置的吸油速率变缓。本研究成果为海上溢油污染的处理技术提供了新思路。