中国懒猴科灵长类种群分布格局与栖息地适宜性评价

Lorisidae is a family of strepsirrhine primates. The lorisids are all slim arboreal and nocturnal animals living in tropical, central Africa as well as in south Asia. Two species of lorisids, Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) and pygmy slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus), were confirmed in south of China, the northern limit of their distribution areas. The Bengal and pygmy slow loris were widespread in central, western and southern Yunnan and southwestern Guangxi in 1960s, but few data has been reported about their population and distribution in recent decades. Slow lorises are susceptible to anthropogenic disturbances because of their small body size, slow locomotion and distribution at a lower altitude. They are heavily exploited as food resource, pet or traditional medicine, and their habitats are threatened by planting, deforestation and other human activities. This study aim to ascertain population densities and distribution of the Bengal and pygmy slow loris in China, and improve more field studies in Family Lorisidae. It is also critical for evolution studies of lorisids to determine the effects on distribution patterns between these two species. Another objective of this study is to design criterions for scientific release of the Bengal and pygmy slow loris via assessments of their habitats in landscape, vegetation and human disturbance.

懒猴为较原始的小型树栖、夜行性灵长类，主要分布于非洲中部及亚洲南部，在中国分布有蜂猴及倭蜂猴两种，中国南部为其全球分布北缘。二十世纪六十年代，两种蜂猴曾广泛分布于云南中部、西部、南部及广西西南部，但长期以来其种群数量及分布信息十分缺乏。由于个体较小、行动迟缓且生存海拔较低，懒猴容易受到人为干扰的影响，通常被作为食物、宠物或传统药材而被猎捕或交易，同时其栖息地面临开荒种植、森林砍伐等威胁。本项目对蜂猴及倭蜂猴历史分布地点展开全面调查，确定其当前分布区域及种群数量，进而推动国内懒猴科灵长类野外研究与保护的开展，并通过对其栖息地景观、植被及干扰特征的量化分析，确定其适宜生境标准，为野外放归提供科学依据。本项目还将通过对蜂猴、倭蜂猴分布格局的比较分析，确定影响两者种群分布与密度的主要因素，对进一步探讨懒猴科物种的进化关系具有重要意义。

懒猴为较原始的小型树栖夜行性灵长类，在中国分布有蜂猴和倭蜂猴两个物种，曾广泛分布于云南南部及广西西南部，但长期以来分布及栖息地信息缺乏，严重阻碍了对这一濒危类群的保护及研究工作。本项目通过系统访问及实地调查，确认蜂猴野生种群已在广西境内消失，而在云南境内，蜂猴的种群数量估计为800-1200只之间，集中分布于29个森林片段中，隶属于8个市州的27个县市。倭蜂猴目前估计数量70-100只，分布于云南省东南部的5个森林片段中，分别隶属于5个县市。蜂猴及倭蜂猴长期以来受到偷猎及栖息地破碎化的威胁。根据网络新闻搜索，2000至2017年间，国内本土灵长类救护案例372件735只个体，其中蜂猴及倭蜂猴共487只，同期濒危野生动植物贸易公约（CITES）中仅报道懒猴贸易4次9只个体，说明国内懒猴非法贸易情况仍十分严重，但官方渠道难以准确反映相关信息。另外，通过对圈养蜂猴63条Cyt b全序的遗传多样性分析，共定义了33种单倍型，其中27种为独享单倍型，说明国内被救护及圈养的蜂猴可能被捕捉自较为广泛的分布区域，而对4个救护中心内18个救护圈养个体进行的粪便样本微生物多样性分析，发现了17个门类673种1254个可操作分类单元，且不同圈养条件中的个体表现出明显差异，表明圈养环境对懒猴具有明显影响。