仿生刷型结构防污界面调控与环保水性海洋防污涂料制备

Vigorous development of marine industry is a strategic decision which related to the overall development of our country. But marine biofouling is one of the main factors restricting the development of the ocean, because it has a greater negative impact on the life and service performance of marine equipment. Therefore, the carrying out of prospective studies about attachment mechanism and prevention of marine biofouling, and the development of novel, long-term effective, non-toxic antifouling interface materials take advantage of new principles, new technologies is very urgent. Given the unstable state is not suitable for the adhesion of organisms and the fact that marine fouling organisms exist multi-scale, the project intends to design a surface with micro&nano multi-scaled polymer brushes textile structures, to study the dynamic behavior under the action of fluid, and obtain the relationship between organism adhesive properties and multi-scale microstructure, chemical composition, and clarify the mechanism of multi-scale synergistic antifouling, developing of new type ship used water based marine antifouling coatings and its key technologies. This will combine a variety of antifouling functional integration, to achieve synergy antifouling effective and effectively solute the application bottlenecks of water based antifouling coatings technology. The project has important scientific significance for understanding the dynamic multi-level biological adhesion law, and solving the problems of long-term, non-toxic marine antifouling. Implementation of this joint project will enhance the research capabilities of marine antifouling and the international influence.

大力发展海洋事业是事关我国发展全局的战略决策。但海洋生物污损对海洋装备的寿命和服役性能有较大的负面影响，是制约海洋开发的主要因素之一。因此，开展海洋防污附着机理与防治的前瞻研究、利用新原理、新技术开发新型长效、无毒防污界面材料非常迫切。鉴于不稳定状态下不利于生物体的黏附这一特点以及海洋附着生物多尺度的事实，本项目拟设计具有多尺度微纳米刷型结构仿生防污界面材料，研究其在流体作用下的动态行为对生物体附着的影响，从而获得生物体在界面流动状态下多尺度微观结构和化学组成与生物粘附性能间的关系规律，阐明多尺度材料的协同防污机制，发展新型的船舶用水性海洋防污涂料及其关键技术。将多种防污途径有机结合，功能一体化，实现协同防污，有效解决水性防污涂层技术的应用瓶颈。本项目研究对于理解多级生物动态粘附规律、解决海洋长效无毒防污问题具有重要的科学意义，项目实施必将显著提升我国海洋防污基础研究水平和国际影响力。

本项目研究工作紧密围绕项目年度计划进行，完成了项目的研究内容，达成预定目标。针对我国开发海洋战略这一决策，以及在海洋防污前瞻基础研究和环保新型长效防污界面材料研发方面存在迫切需求这一现状，本项目开展了多种基于多尺度微纳米刷型结构仿生防污界面材料的构筑方法研究。通过表面引发聚合和亚表面引发聚合等技术手段，在多尺度结构化表面接枝防污活性聚合物刷，实现了防污模型界面的仿生构筑，利用XPS、SEM、QCM、光学显微镜等多种表征手段对多尺度防污界面的微观结构、化学组成进行了表征分析，系统考察了实验室典型污损生物在多尺度刷型防污界面的黏附与去污行为，分析了表面微纳结构尺度、接枝的聚合物刷不同电荷组分以及聚合物水化层厚度、接枝密度对防污性能的影响规律，阐明了多尺度材料的协同防污机制。通过以上基础研究，指导了环保新型防污涂层设计，利用核壳乳液聚合工艺合成了含有防污活性组分的自抛光丙烯酸酯成膜乳液，将其与防污剂、填料、助剂等复配，通过配方组成设计研制出具有超低VOC含量（小于20g/L）的、高耐水性的水性自抛光海洋防污涂料。分析评价了该涂料的各项理化性能，并通过实验室典型污损生物附着实验和实海静态挂板实验考察了其防污性能，结果表明该涂料具有优异的抗污损生物黏附性能，实海挂板8个月后，涂层表面依旧洁净如初，表现出持久广谱的防污期效，有效解决了水性防污涂层技术的应用瓶颈，为我国发展环境友好型海洋防污技术提供了技术支撑。